Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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A first assessment of glyphosate, 2,4-D and Cry proteins in surface water of South Africa
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to test surface water sources in a maize-dominated agricultural area in the North West Province in South Africa for the presence of Cry1Ab, glyphosate and 2,4-D.
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Cytotoxicity and hormonal activity of glyphosate-based herbicides.
TL;DR: Toxicological evaluation must focus on these substances and free accessibility of GBHs should be reconsidered, as dilution percentages calculated from EC50 values were in the most cases by one or two order of magnitude lower than the minimum recommended dilution for agricultural and household use.
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Acclimation alters glyphosate temperature-dependent toxicity: Implications for risk assessment under climate change.
TL;DR: It is observed that acclimation to higher temperatures reduces the sensitivity of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii to Glyphosate when organisms are exposed to this pesticide in lower temperatures, and that pesticide risk assessments based on tests conducted at one standard temperature should be considered with care.
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Repeated annual application of glyphosate reduces the abundance and alters the community structure of soil culturable pseudomonads in a temperate grassland
Melani Lorch,Melani Lorch,Betina Cecilia Agaras,Betina Cecilia Agaras,Pablo A. García-Parisi,Magdalena Druille,Marina Omacini,Marina Omacini,Claudio Valverde,Claudio Valverde +9 more
TL;DR: It is necessary to develop sustainable management practices to avoid affecting key functional microorganisms and exploit their contributions to society, and to strengthen the notion that this agronomical practice has an unavoidable imprint on non-target microorganisms that are relevant components of the plant-soil feedbacks and that may be instrumental for ecosystem restoration.
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Monitoring of glyphosate and AMPA in soil samples from two olive cultivation areas in Greece: aspects related to spray operators activities
TL;DR: Differences in the level of residues between areas as well as sampling sites of the same area were identified and it was found that AMPA persisted longer than the parent compound glyphosate in both areas.
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TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.