Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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Low-concentration exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide modulates the complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induces mitochondrial hyperpolarization in the Danio rerio brain.
Aline Pereira,Michael L. Jaramillo,Aline Pertile Remor,Alexandra Latini,Carla Eliana Davico,Mariana L. da Silva,Yara Maria Rauh Müller,Dib Ammar,Evelise Maria Nazari +8 more
TL;DR: Investigation of the neurotoxic effects of the GBH in the zebrafish Danio rerio revealed a decrease in cell viability, inhibited mitochondrial complex enzymatic activity, modulated gene expression related to mitochondrial complexes, induced an increase in RS production, promoted hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane, and induced behavioral impairments.
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The Effects of Glyphosate and Its Commercial Formulations to Marine Invertebrates: A Review
TL;DR: Results of long-lasting experiments indicate that glyphosate can markedly affect biological responses of marine invertebrates, and more efforts should be addressed at evaluating chronic or sub-chronic effects of such substances to Marine invertebrate species.
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Treatment technologies and degradation pathways of glyphosate: A critical review
TL;DR: A comparative assessment of current treatment methods for glyphosate wastewaters, considering their advantages and drawbacks and providing indications for future work for different treatment processes to increase their performances gives some insights into the treatment of glyphosate or other organic contaminants in wastewater.
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Analysis of glyphosate degradation in a soil microcosm.
TL;DR: Overall, O2 (aq) and birnessite availability played the major roles in determining the partitioning of GLP and its byproducts mass fluxes across the reaction network, while Birnessite, C availability, and pH affectedGLP and AMPA biodegradation effectiveness.
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Farming without Glyphosate
TL;DR: Model predictions suggest that the authors can farm profitably without glyphosate by consistently utilizing key non-herbicidal weed management practices combined with robust pre-emergence soil residual herbicide treatments, however, maintaining low weed seed banks will be challenging.
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.