Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
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TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
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Identification of the first glyphosate transporter by genomic adaptation
Dennis Wicke,Lisa Maria Schulz,Sabine Lentes,Patricia Scholz,Anja Poehlein,Johannes Gibhardt,Rolf Daniel,Till Ischebeck,Fabian M. Commichau +8 more
TL;DR: The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis primarily inactivates the gltT gene encoding the high-affinity glutamate/aspartate symporter GltT, and is involved in uptake of the herbicide glufosinate, which inhibits the glutamine synthetase.
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Histopathological and ultrastructural indices for the assessment of glyphosate-based herbicide cytotoxicity in decapod crustacean hepatopancreas
Madson Silveira de Melo,Thiciane Patrycia Gonçalves dos Santos,Michael L. Jaramillo,Luciane Nezzi,Yara Maria Rauh Müller,Evelise Maria Nazari +5 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that concentrations considered safe by regulatory agencies should be reviewed to minimize the effects on non-target organisms and contribute to the knowledge of the cytotoxic effects of low GBH concentrations on aquatic invertebrates, specifically their effects on the hepatopancreas, an important organ for the metabolism of crustaceans.
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Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity assessment of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides in human peripheral white blood cells.
TL;DR: It is found that glyphosate alone does not induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity over the tested concentration range, and GBHs induced statistically significant cell death, as well as statistically significant increase of DNA damage from 500 μM (Roundup Mega and Glyfos) and 750 μM (Fozat 480); however, the latter observation may not be explained by direct DNA injuries, rather due to the high level of cell death exerted by the formulations.
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Year-round pesticide contamination of public sites near intensively managed agricultural areas in South Tyrol
Caroline Linhart,Simona Panzacchi,Fiorella Belpoggi,Peter Clausing,Johann G. Zaller,Koen Hertoge +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated potential contamination over the course of a year and found that almost all the sites (96%) were contaminated with at least one residue during the year; in 79% of the sites, more than one residue was found.
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Why are monarch butterflies declining in the West? Understanding the importance of multiple correlated drivers
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References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.