Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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Earthworm casts restrained the accumulation and phytotoxicity of soil glyphosate to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of glyphosate to cowpea plants in soils applied with or without earthworm casts (EWCs), and demonstrated that EWCs were promising candidate for the cost-effective and easy-to-operate remediation and reuse of glyphosate-contaminated soil.
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Comparative analysis of detection techniques for glyphosate in urine and in water
TL;DR: In this article , the authors compared the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) versus liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) for urine, and ELISA versus high-performance liquid chromation coupled to fluorescence detection (HPLC/Fluo) for water, and concluded that the glyphosate concentrations measured in urine were much more reliable and reproducible with the ELISA technology than those obtained with the LC/MS -MS one.
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Influence of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid on aquatic plants in different ecological niches.
TL;DR: In this paper , the effects of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on aquatic plants in different ecological niches were investigated. And the results indicated that both the individual and combined effects of both glyphosate and AMPA might alter the vertical structure of shallow lakes and accelerate the conversion of shallow lake from grass-based to algal-based lakes.
Genetically Modified Foods: Promises, Challenges and Safety Assessments
TL;DR: It could be concluded that the safe usage of genetically modified technology, by considering all nationally and internationally accepted environmental and health safety assessment protocols, can help to use advantages of this technology in agriculture, medicine and industry.
Molecular genetics of herbicide resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): metabolic tembotrione resistance and geographic origin of glyphosate resistance
TL;DR: It is suggested that the water needs of this region have changed in recent years from being primarily for agricultural purposes to domestic and industrial uses now, and that the needs of the tourism industry have changed too.
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.