Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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The overlooked impact of rising glyphosate use on phosphorus loading in agricultural watersheds.
TL;DR: The use of glyphosate adds phosphorus (P) to agricultural landscapes, influencing the accumulation and cycling of P in soil and nearby surface waters as discussed by the authors, but pesticides have been largely ignored when monitoring anthropogenic sources of phosphorus in agricultural watersheds.
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Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety
TL;DR: Although pesticides have a positive effect on plant health in terms of insect pests and diseases control, increased productivity and improved crop storage, their malpractice impacts on food safety and quality as mentioned in this paper.
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Organic diet intervention significantly reduces urinary pesticide levels in U.S. children and adults.
Carly Hyland,Asa Bradman,Roy Gerona,Sharyle Patton,Igor Zakharevich,Robert B. Gunier,Kendra Klein +6 more
TL;DR: An organic diet was associated with significant reductions in urinary excretion of several pesticide metabolites and parent compounds, adding to a growing body of literature indicating that an organic diet may reduce exposure to a range of pesticides in children and adults.
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Glyphosate: A review of its global use, environmental impact, and potential health effects on humans and other species
TL;DR: The basis for regulatory decisions, controversies involved, and questions of environmental justice that may or may not be addressed as glyphosate continues to be used are examined.
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Binding interaction of glyphosate with glyphosate oxidoreductase and C-P lyase: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies.
TL;DR: The results indicate that glyphosate contacts with the active site of GOX and C-P lyase by hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions in aqueous solution to maintain its stability.
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.