Showing papers on "Bismuth published in 2015"
TL;DR: A dramatic improvement of efficiency is shown in bismuth telluride samples by quickly squeezing out excess liquid during compaction, which presents an attractive path forward for thermoelectrics.
Abstract: The widespread use of thermoelectric technology is constrained by a relatively low conversion efficiency of the bulk alloys, which is evaluated in terms of a dimensionless figure of merit ( zT ). The zT of bulk alloys can be improved by reducing lattice thermal conductivity through grain boundary and point-defect scattering, which target low- and high-frequency phonons. Dense dislocation arrays formed at low-energy grain boundaries by liquid-phase compaction in Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 (bismuth antimony telluride) effectively scatter midfrequency phonons, leading to a substantially lower lattice thermal conductivity. Full-spectrum phonon scattering with minimal charge-carrier scattering dramatically improved the zT to 1.86 ± 0.15 at 320 kelvin (K). Further, a thermoelectric cooler confirmed the performance with a maximum temperature difference of 81 K, which is much higher than current commercial Peltier cooling devices.
1,429 citations
TL;DR: Bismuth perovskites have very promising properties for further development in solar cells and a power conversion efficiency of over 1% is obtained.
Abstract: Low-toxic bismuth-based perovskites are prepared for the possible replacement of lead perovskite in solar cells. The perovskites have a hexagonal crystalline phase and light absorption in the visible region. A power conversion efficiency of over 1% is obtained for a solar cell with Cs3 Bi2 I9 perovskite, and it is concluded that bismuth perovskites have very promising properties for further development in solar cells.
884 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the crystal structures of the ternary iodides are redetermined and a corrected structural model for Rb3Bi2I9, as established by single crystal X-ray diffraction and solid state 87Rb NMR spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations is presented.
Abstract: Ternary bismuth halides form an interesting functional materials class in the context of the closely related Pb halide perovskite photovoltaics, especially given the significantly reduced toxicity of Bi when compared with Pb. The compounds A3Bi2I9 (A = K, Rb, Cs) examined here crystallize in two different structure types: the layered defect-perovskite K3Bi2I9 type, and the Cs3Cr2Cl9 type. The latter structure type features isolated Bi2I93– anions. Here, the crystal structures of the ternary iodides are redetermined and a corrected structural model for Rb3Bi2I9, as established by single crystal X-ray diffraction and solid state 87Rb NMR spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations is presented. A variety of facile preparation techniques for single crystals, bulk materials, as well as solution-processed thin films are described. The optical properties and electronic structures are investigated experimentally by optical absorption and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and c...
379 citations
TL;DR: By adding the super-tetragonal bismuth gallium oxide to the compound, the piezoelectric properties are as good as those of lead zirconate titanate ceramics.
Abstract: A bismuth ferrite and barium titanate solid solution compound can achieve good piezoelectric properties with a high Curie temperature when fabricated with low-temperature sintering followed by a water-quenching process, with no complicated grain alignment processes performed. By adding the super-tetragonal bismuth gallium oxide to the compound, the piezoelectric properties are as good as those of lead zirconate titanate ceramics.
367 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase, crystal structure, and morphology of the Bi@graphene nanocomposite have been revealed and applied as anode in Na-ion batteries.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a facile method to prepare bismuth and Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide magnetic hybrids using soluble starch as a dispersant is demonstrated, which provides an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the use in environmental protection applications.
Abstract: Nanocatalysts are frequently connected to magnetic nanoparticles. These composites are easy to be retrieved from the reaction system under a magnetic field because of their magnetic properties. Magnetic separation is particularly promising in industry since it can solve many issues present in filtration, centrifugation, or gravitation separation. Herein, a facile method to prepare bismuth and Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide magnetic hybrids (Bi-Fe3O4@RGO) using soluble starch as a dispersant is demonstrated. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, and Bi nanoparticles were fabricated by the redox reactions between sodium borohydride and ammonium bismuth citrate in the presence of soluble starch. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that the average diameter of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles is about 5 nm and the diameters of Bi nanoparticles range from 10 to 20 nm. The magnetic Bi-Fe3O4@RGO hybrids exhibit high catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) by NaBH4 with a first-order rate constant (K) of 0.00808 s−1 and is magnetically recyclable for at least five cycles. This strategy provides an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the use in environmental protection applications.
219 citations
TL;DR: This work synthesizes phase-pure BiI3 thin films by physical vapor transport and solution processing and single-crystals by an electrodynamic gradient vertical Bridgman method and measures optical absorption and recombination lifetimes, which can also inform future selection of candidate PV absorbers.
Abstract: Guided by predictive discovery framework, we investigate bismuth triiodide (BiI3) as a candidate thin-film photovoltaic (PV) absorber. BiI3 was chosen for its optical properties and the potential for “defect-tolerant” charge transport properties, which we test experimentally by measuring optical absorption and recombination lifetimes. We synthesize phase-pure BiI3 thin films by physical vapor transport and solution processing and single-crystals by an electrodynamic gradient vertical Bridgman method. The bandgap of these materials is ∼1.8 eV, and they demonstrate room-temperature band-edge photoluminescence. We measure monoexponential recombination lifetimes in the range of 180–240 ps for thin films, and longer, multiexponential dynamics for single crystals, with time constants up to 1.3 to 1.5 ns. We discuss the outstanding challenges to developing BiI3 PVs, including mechanical and electrical properties, which can also inform future selection of candidate PV absorbers.
180 citations
TL;DR: It is predicted that methyl-functionalized bismuth, antimony, and lead bilayers are 2D topological insulators (TIs) with protected Dirac type topological helical edge states, and thus suitable QSH systems, and it is shown that the topological properties in these three systems are robust against mechanical deformation.
Abstract: One of the major obstacles to a wide application range of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect is the lack of suitable QSH insulators with a large bulk gap. By means of first-principles calculations including relativistic effects, we predict that methyl-functionalized bismuth, antimony, and lead bilayers (Me-Bi, Me-Sb, and Me-Pb) are 2D topological insulators (TIs) with protected Dirac type topological helical edge states, and thus suitable QSH systems. In addition to the explicitly obtained topological edge states, the nontrivial topological characteristic of these systems is confirmed by the calculated nontrivial Z2 topological invariant. The TI characteristics are intrinsic to the studied materials and are not subject to lateral quantum confinement at edges, as confirmed by explicit simulation of the corresponding nanoribbons. It is worthwhile to point out that the large nontrivial bulk gaps of 0.934 eV (Me-Bi), 0.386 eV (Me-Sb), and 0.964 eV (Me-Pb) are derived from the strong spin–orbit coupling within...
173 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic efficiency of the powder suspension is evaluated by measuring the Crystal Violet (CV) concentration, which indicates that the reactive O2− plays a major role and ˙OH and h+ play a minor role.
Abstract: Bismuth oxyiodides have been prepared using controlled hydrothermal methods. The products are characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, PL, EPR, and DRS. It is illustrated that BiOI, Bi4O5I2, Bi7O9I3, Bi5O7I, and BiOxIy/BiOpIq composites can be selectively synthesized through a facile solution-based hydrothermal method. UV-Vis spectra display the bismuth oxyiodide materials as indirect semiconductors with an optical bandgap of 1.86–3.316 eV. The photocatalytic efficiency of the powder suspension is evaluated by measuring the Crystal Violet (CV) concentration. This is the first study to demonstrate the superior activities of BiOI, Bi4O5I2, Bi7O9I3, Bi5O7I, and BiOxIy/BiOpIq composites as promising visible-light-responsive photocatalysts. The quenching effects of various scavengers and EPR indicate that the reactive O2˙− plays a major role and ˙OH and h+ play a minor role. The Bi7O9I3/Bi5O7I composite shows the highest photocatalytic activity reaching a maximum rate constant of 0.2225 h−1, which is 6 times higher than that of BiOI and Bi7O9I3 and 4 times higher than that of Bi5O7I.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize Bi24O31Cl10 nanosheets with {1−0−0} facets exposure and characterized their photocatalytic properties.
Abstract: Molecular oxygen activation is very important for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. In this paper, Bi24O31Cl10 nanosheets with {1 0 0} facets exposure were successfully synthesized by hydromel method and characterized. The size of a single nanosheet is about 5 μm in width and 10–30 nm in thickness, which results in a large ratio of surface to thickness and higher exposure ratio of {1 0 0} facets. The Mott–Schottky test revealed that the conduction band minimum (CBM) of Bi24O31Cl10 is more negative than BiOCl due to the bismuth-rich strategy. And the photocatalytic results showed that as-synthesized Bi24O31Cl10 showed higher photocatalytic properties than BiOCl for activate molecular oxygen to generate superoxide radical (O2•−) under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation, and generate hydroxyl radical (•OH) under UV–vis light irradiation. This strategy in this work may potentially be extended to other bismuth-based photocatalysts for molecular oxygen activation.
163 citations
TL;DR: An exceptionally high chemical stability in reducing conditions and redox cycles at high temperature, usually unattainable for Bi2O3-based materials, is achieved and at low oxygen partial pressure the layered material shows anomalous high conductivity, equal or superior to pure δ-Bi2O2 in air.
Abstract: Bismuth-oxide-based materials are the building blocks for modern ferroelectrics, multiferroics, gas sensors, light photocatalysts and fuel cells. Although the cubic fluorite δ-phase of bismuth oxide (δ-Bi2O3) exhibits the highest conductivity of known solid-state oxygen ion conductors, its instability prevents use at low temperature. Here we demonstrate the possibility of stabilizing δ-Bi2O3 using highly coherent interfaces of alternating layers of Er2O3-stabilized δ-Bi2O3 and Gd2O3-doped CeO2. Remarkably, an exceptionally high chemical stability in reducing conditions and redox cycles at high temperature, usually unattainable for Bi2O3-based materials, is achieved. Even more interestingly, at low oxygen partial pressure the layered material shows anomalous high conductivity, equal or superior to pure δ-Bi2O3 in air. This suggests a strategy to design and stabilize new materials that are comprised of intrinsically unstable but high-performing component materials.
TL;DR: Chalcogenidometallates of group IIB, IV and V elements and particularly, alkali metal-containing chalcogens of cadmium, lead and bismuth are provided in this paper.
Abstract: Chalcogenidometallates of group IIB, IV and V elements and, particularly, alkali metal-containing chalcogenidometallates of cadmium, lead and bismuth are provided. Also provided are methods of using the chalcogenidometallates as molecular solders to form metal chalcogenide structures, including thin films, molded objects and bonded surfaces composed of metal chalcogenides.
TL;DR: In this article, a robust single-step hydrothermal synthesis for the formation of hierarchically structured heterocatalysts of Bi2S3/Bi2WO6 with a high yield (>95%) was developed.
Abstract: Varied morphologies and compositions of bismuth tungstate nanocomposites have been investigated as promising materials for photocatalytic applications. Among these nanocomposites, hierarchically structured bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3)/bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) hybrids have significant photocatalytic efficiency toward heavy metal ions. To simplify the synthetic procedure for this desirable composite, we developed a robust single-step hydrothermal synthesis for the formation of hierarchically structured heterocatalysts of Bi2S3/Bi2WO6 with a high yield (>95%). The synthesized heterostructures were characterized by various spectroscopic, microscopic, and surface area analysis techniques, which confirmed the successful incorporation of Bi2S3 into the Bi2WO6 matrix and were used to optimize pore size for enhanced catalytic activity. The resulting Bi2S3/Bi2WO6 heterocatalysts were used to remove toxic Cr(VI) ions via reduction to water insoluble Cr(III) utilizing visible-light irradiation. We also investigated the ...
TL;DR: The results suggest that bismuth-based MOFs could be promising candidates for the development of efficient visible-light photocatalysts.
Abstract: A visible-light-responsive bismuth-based metal-organic framework (Bi-mna) is demonstrated to show good photoelectric and photocatalytic properties. Combining experimental and theoretical results, a ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) process is found to be responsible for the high performance, which gives rise to a longer lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers. Our results suggest that bismuth-based MOFs could be promising candidates for the development of efficient visible-light photocatalysts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the charge-spin conversion efficiency of topological insulators can be experimentally determined by injecting spin-polarized tunneling electrons into a TI.
Abstract: We demonstrate that the charge-spin conversion efficiency of topological insulators (TI) can be experimentally determined by injecting spin-polarized tunneling electrons into a TI. Through a comparative study between bismuth selenide and bismuth antimony telluride, we verified the topological-surface-state origin of the observed giant spin signals. By injecting energetic electrons into bismuth selenide, we further studied the energy dependence of the effective spin polarization at the TI surface. The experimentally verified large spin polarization, as well as our calculations, provides new insights into optimizing TI materials for near room-temperature spintronic applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) coated with multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(pyrocatechol violet) composite and bismuth film was investigated as an electrochemical sensor in the simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in a 0.1-M acetate buffer solution at pH = 5.0.
Abstract: The performance of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) coated with multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(pyrocatechol violet) composite and bismuth film was investigated as an electrochemical sensor in the simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in a 0.1 M acetate buffer solution at pH = 5.0. The presence of the bismuth film improves the analyte accumulation due to its ability to form a fused alloy with cadmium and lead. It was found that the Bi-film modified electrode shows a better performance than the bare GCE, GCE-MWCNT and GCE-MWCNT/poly(PCV) electrodes. The parameters affecting the stripping current response were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the electrode showed a good linear response to Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the concentration range of 1.0–300.0 μg L−1 and 1.0–200.0 μg L−1, respectively. The detection limits were 0.20 μg L−1 and 0.40 μg L−1 for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. It was found that the sensor has least interference from most of the common ions due to specific and selective interaction of the modifier functionalities with lead and cadmium ions. The response of the electrode remained constant for at least 3 weeks of successive operation. The proposed method was applied for simultaneous determining Cd2+ and Pb2+ contents in water samples.
TL;DR: In this article, a 2D topological insulator based on planar Bi/Sb honeycombs on a SiC(0001) substrate using first-principles computations is discussed.
Abstract: We discuss two-dimensional (2D) topological insulators (TIs) based on planar Bi/Sb honeycombs on a SiC(0001) substrate using first-principles computations. The Bi/Sb planar honeycombs on SiC(0001) are shown to support a nontrivial band gap as large as 0.56 eV, which harbors a Dirac cone lying within the band gap. Effects of hydrogen atoms placed on either just one side or on both sides of the planar honeycombs are examined. The hydrogenated honeycombs are found to exhibit topologically protected edge states for zigzag as well as armchair edges, with a wide band gap of 1.03 and 0.41 eV in bismuth and antimony films, respectively. Our findings pave the way for using planar bismuth and antimony honeycombs as potential new 2D-TI platforms for room-temperature applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the first example of a bismuth film electrode plated in situ using activated graphene (AG) was reported, which was enhanced as an electrochemical sensing platform to determine trace Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.
Abstract: In this study, we report the first example of a bismuth film electrode plated in situ using activated graphene (AG). The AG was prepared through of process of chemical activation of graphene oxide (GO) with KOH to create pores. The composite electrode was enhanced as an electrochemical sensing platform to determine trace Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The surface morphology of the AG-NA/Bi composite film modified electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the AG-NA/Bi composite electrode were evaluated to examine the effects of experimental variables, such as deposition potential, deposition time, bismuth concentration, and stirring speed during pre-concentration, on the determination of trace metals in 0.1 M acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5). Linear calibration curves ranged from 5 to 100 μg L−1 for trace heavy metal ions. The detection limits were 0.57 μg L−1 for Zn2+, 0.07 μg L−1 for Cd2+, and 0.05 μg L−1 for Pb2+ (S/N = 3). The limits of detection achieved are much lower than the guideline for drinking water quality provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The AG-NA/Bi composite film electrodes were successfully applied to analysis trace metals in real samples.
TL;DR: Theoretical calculations and packing factor model both indicate that the loosely packed Bi2O2S is an excellent photoelectric material, and the results provide a new method utilizing thermal decomposition to prepare a new phase without high temperature reaction.
Abstract: With the addition of oxygen into the chain-like bismuth sulfide of Bi2S3, there are two interesting functional compounds of Bi2O2S (photoelectric) and Bi4O4S3 (superconducting) containing the PbO-like [Bi2O2] layers. Nanoscale Bi2O2S crystals with an indirect band gap of 1.12 eV are synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. This semiconductor shows excellent photoelectric response under the irradiation of visible light lamp at room temperature. Theoretical calculations and packing factor model both indicate that the loosely packed Bi2O2S is an excellent photoelectric material. When the Bi2O2S phase was annealed at 500 °C in an evacuated quartz tube, nanocrystals of Bi4O4S3 were obtained. The powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscope analyses (SEM, TEM, EDX) confirmed the thermal decomposition from orthorhombic Bi2O2S to tetragonal Bi4O4S3. The superconducting transition temperature of Bi4O4S3 was observed to be 4.6 K from the temperature-dependence measurements of electrical resistivity and mag...
TL;DR: In this article, it was demonstrated that hot deformation can enhance both TE properties and mechanical properties of zone-melted (Bi,Sb) 2 Te 3 alloys.
TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional flower-like Bi12O17Cl2/β-Bi2O3 composites are prepared using a facile solvothermal-calcining process and their photocatalytic performances for the degradation of 4-tert-butylphenol (PTBP, a representative alkylphenol) are evaluated under visible light irradiation.
Abstract: Novel three-dimensional flower-like Bi12O17Cl2/β-Bi2O3 composites are prepared using a facile solvothermal-calcining process and their photocatalytic performances for the degradation of 4-tert-butylphenol (PTBP, a representative alkylphenol) are evaluated under visible light irradiation. The formation of such composites is assumed to involve the reduction of Bi(III) to nano-metallic bismuth via a solvothermal process, followed by the reaction of bismuth with oxygen and bismuth oxide chloride hydroxide during the calcination in air. The XRD, XPS, EDS mapping, HRTEM, UV–vis DRS, and photocurrent measurement results indicate that heterojunctions are formed between Bi12O17Cl2 and β-Bi2O3 with broad contact interfaces. The as-synthesized Bi12O17Cl2/β-Bi2O3 hybrid materials possess favorable band structures, heterojunction structures, relatively high specific surface areas, and hierarchical micro/nano-structures, resulting in superior photocatalytic and mineralization efficiencies for the decomposition of PTBP under visible light irradiation. The optimum photocatalytic activity of a Bi12O17Cl2/β-Bi2O3 sample is approximately 3, 12, 51, and 107 times higher than the activities of single β-Bi2O3, Bi12O17Cl2, nitrogen-doped TiO2, and BiOCl, respectively. In addition, the photogenerated reactive species are identified based on free radicals trapping experiments and EPR analysis, which reveals that the photodegradation of PTPB over Bi12O17Cl2/β-Bi2O3 under visible light is dominated by direct hole and superoxide radical oxidation rather than oxidized by hydroxyl radical.
TL;DR: This paper reviews the synthesis and biomedical applications of bismuth complexes with unusually low toxicity and excellent clinical performances, summarizes their main synthesis methods, and describes the development of bismsuth-based MOFs in the drug delivery and potential application in cancer treatment.
Abstract: A variety of bismuth complexes have been extensively explored in biomedical applications. The well-known low toxicity and environmental friendliness of bismuth salts make them valuable for large-scale synthesis of various bismuth-based complexes, which become more significant as active pharmaceutical ingredients of medical products. Bismuth complexes have been widely and preferably used in biomedicine with satisfactory therapeutic effect, which is highlighted in this review. However, their synthesis methods have been scarcely summarized. The classification of the main synthesis methods of bismuth complexes has been done here, followed by updates of the relevant advances concerning applications in biomedicine such as therapeutic effect on gastrointestinal diseases, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, and the description of the side effect and biotoxicity resulting from long-term use of bismuth as well. Bismuth containing metal–organic frameworks, newly developed bismuth-based materials, are also disc...
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of oxalate complexes of bismuth Bi(C2O4)OH and Bi2(C 2O4)-3·xH2O was synthesized starting from a direct solid-state reaction between a nitrate salt of Bismuth and oxalic acid.
01 Apr 2015-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: Transparent plastic scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene (PVT) have been fabricated with high loading of bismuth carboxylates for gamma spectroscopy, and with lithium carboxyates for neutron detection.
Abstract: Transparent plastic scintillators based on polyvinyltoluene (PVT) have been fabricated with high loading of bismuth carboxylates for gamma spectroscopy, and with lithium carboxylates for neutron detection. When activated with a combination of standard fluors, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and tetraphenylbutadiene (TPB), gamma light yields with 15 wt% bismuth tripivalate of 5000 Ph/MeV are measured. A PVT plastic formulation including 30 wt% lithium pivalate and 30 wt% PPO offers both pulse shape discrimination, and a neutron capture peak at ~400 keVee. In another configuration, a bismuth-loaded PVT plastic is coated with ZnS(6Li) paint, permitting simultaneous gamma and neutron detection via pulse shape discrimination with a figure-of-merit of 3.8, while offering gamma spectroscopy with energy resolution of R(662 keV)=15%.
TL;DR: Two multiwalled carbon nanotubes-based composites modified with bismuth and bismUTH-oxychloride particles were synthesized and attached to the glassy carbon electrode substrate and the results agreed well with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
TL;DR: Thickness-dependent conductance and photocurrent reveal that the bulk is the optically active layer while the surface channel is responsible for carrier transportation, paving an avenue to develop ultra-broadband Bi photodetectors for the next-generation multifunctional optoelectronic devices.
Abstract: Ultra-broadband and high-responsive photodetectors based on bismuth film at room temperature
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation rate and oxygen consumption of three photocatalytic systems containing BiOCl, BiOBr and BiOI were compared under UV light and different valence band potentials (Evb) of BiOXs.
TL;DR: A series of bismuth oxyiodides were obtained by calcining the precursor compound (Bi7O9I3) and their compositions and electronic structures were analyzed by various physicochemical characterizations, slurry method measurements and theoretical calculations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A series of bismuth oxyiodides were obtained by calcining the precursor compound (Bi7O9I3). Their compositions and electronic structures were analyzed by various physicochemical characterizations, slurry method measurements and theoretical calculations. Iodine vacancies appearing at elevated temperatures before the phase transition contribute to the increased photocatalytic activity, which can be attributed to the increase of band gaps, downward shifts of band potentials and the change of semiconductor behavior from p type to n type. The catalyst obtained at 400 °C displayed an excellent photocatalytic performance for phenol degradation, and it was characterized as a composite of two components with well-matched band potentials and good contact interfaces. Photogenerated holes were revealed as the main active species in the phenol degradation. This study could bring insights into the fabrication of novel highly efficient bismuth oxyiodide composites by simultaneously controlling the extent of phase transition and the amount of iodine vacancies.
TL;DR: A modified solvothermal synthesis method for the controlled growth of BixSb2−xTe3 nanoplatelets, which can be sintered into nanostructured bulk pellets by using the spark plasma sintering process, is reported in this article.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analytical assessment of a bismuth nanoparticle - porous carbon paste electrode working as an electrochemical sensor for the sensitive detection of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II).