IBM

About: IBM is a company organization based out in Armonk, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Layer (electronics) & Signal. The organization has 134567 authors who have published 253905 publications receiving 7458795 citations. The organization is also known as: International Business Machines Corporation & Big Blue.

Device characteristics of a 10.1% hydrazine-processed Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 solar cell

Abstract: A power conversion efficiency record of 10.1% was achieved for kesterite absorbers, using a Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 thin-film solar cell made by hydrazine-based solution processing. Key device characteristics were compiled, including light/dark J–V, quantum efficiency, temperature dependence of Voc and series resistance, photoluminescence, and capacitance spectroscopy, providing important insight into how the devices compare with high-performance Cu(In,Ga)Se2. The record kesterite device was shown to be primarily limited by interface recombination, minority carrier lifetime, and series resistance. The new level of device performance points to the significant promise of the kesterites as an emerging and commercially interesting thin-film technology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ultrathin (<4 nm) SiO2 and Si-O-N gate dielectric layers for silicon microelectronics: Understanding the processing, structure, and physical and electrical limits

Abstract: The outstanding properties of SiO2, which include high resistivity, excellent dielectric strength, a large band gap, a high melting point, and a native, low defect density interface with Si, are in large part responsible for enabling the microelectronics revolution. The Si/SiO2 interface, which forms the heart of the modern metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor, the building block of the integrated circuit, is arguably the worlds most economically and technologically important materials interface. This article summarizes recent progress and current scientific understanding of ultrathin (<4 nm) SiO2 and Si–O–N (silicon oxynitride) gate dielectrics on Si based devices. We will emphasize an understanding of the limits of these gate dielectrics, i.e., how their continuously shrinking thickness, dictated by integrated circuit device scaling, results in physical and electrical property changes that impose limits on their usefulness. We observe, in conclusion, that although Si microelectronic devices...

Motivations for social networking at work

Abstract: The introduction of a social networking site inside of a large enterprise enables a new method of communication between colleagues, encouraging both personal and professional sharing inside the protected walls of a company intranet. Our analysis of user behavior and interviews presents the case that professionals use internal social networking to build stronger bonds with their weak ties and to reach out to employees they do not know. Their motivations in doing this include connecting on a personal level with coworkers, advancing their career with the company, and campaigning for their projects.

The service system is the basic abstraction of service science

Abstract: ion is a powerful thing. During the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution was built on many powerful abstractions, such as mass, energy, work, and power. During the twentieth century, the information revolution was built on many powerful abstractions, such as binary digit or bit, binary coding, and algorithmic complexity. Here, we propose an abstraction for the twenty-first century, in which there is an emerging revolution in thinking about business and economics based on a service-dominant logic. The worldview of service-dominant logic stands in sharp contrast to the worldview of the goods-dominant logic of the past, as it holds service—the application of competences for benefit of others—rather than goods to be the fundamental basis of economic exchange. Within this new worldview, we suggest the basic abstraction is the service system, a configuration of people, technologies, and other resources that interact with other service systems to create mutual value. Many systems can be viewed as service systems, including families, cities, and companies, among many others. In this paper, we show how the service-system abstraction can be used to understand how value is co-created, in the process laying the foundation for an integrated science of service.

Production Workflow: Concepts and Techniques

Abstract: 1. Introduction. Business Processes. Business Processes as Enterprise Resource. Virtual Enterprises. Processes and Workflows. Dimensions of Workflow. User Support. Categories of Workflows. Application Structure. Workflow and Objects. Application Operating System. Software Stack. Document/Image Processing. Groupware and Workflow. Different Views of Applications. Transactional Workflow. Advanced Usage. System Requirements. Relation to Other Technologies. 2. Business Engineering. Business Modeling. Business Logic. Enterprise Structure. Information Technology Infrastructure. Business Modeling Example. Business Process Reengineering. Process Discovery. Process Optimization. Process Analysis. Business Engineering and Workflow. Monitoring. 3. Workflow Management System Basics. Main Components. Types of Users. Buildtime. Metamodel Overview. Runtime. Audit Trail. Process Management. Authorization. Application Programming Interface. System Structure. Workflow Standards. 4. Metamodel. The Notion of a Metamodel. Process Data. Activities. Control Flow. Data Flow. Summary: PM-Graphs. Navigation. Summary: G-Instances. 5. Advanced Functions. Events. Dynamic Modification of Workflows. Advanced Join Conditions. Container Materialization. Object Staging. Context Management. Performance Spheres. Compile Spheres. 6. Workflows and Objects. Component-based Software Construction. Scripts in Object-Oriented Analysis and Design. The Object Request Broker. The OMG Workflow Management Facility. 7. Workflows and Transactions. Basic Transaction Concepts. Advanced Transaction Concepts. Streams. Atomic Spheres. Compensation Spheres. Phoenix Behavior. 8. Advanced Usage. Monitoring Dynamic Integrity Rules. Software Distribution. Security Management. Business-Process-Oriented Systems Management. 9. Application Topologies. Dependent Applications. Client/Server Structures. TP Monitors. Communication Paradigms. Message Monitors. Message Broker. Object Brokers. Distributed Applications. Web Applications. Workflow-based Applications. 10. Architecture and System Structure. Architectural Principles. System Structure. Servers. Client. Program Execution. System Group. Domains. System Tuning. Workload Management. Systems Management. Exploiting Parallel Databases. Server Implementation Aspects. Navigation. Message Queuing Usage. Process Compiler. 11. Development of Workflow-based Applications. Development Environment Blueprint. Component Generation. Testing. Animation. Debugging Activity Implementations. Application Database Design. Application Tuning. Optimization. A Travel Reservation Example. B List of Symbols. Bibliography. Index.