Institution
Makerere University
Education•Kampala, Uganda•
About: Makerere University is a education organization based out in Kampala, Uganda. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Public health. The organization has 7220 authors who have published 12405 publications receiving 366520 citations. The organization is also known as: Makerere University Kampala & MUK.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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Dartmouth College1, Harvard University2, Stellenbosch University3, University of KwaZulu-Natal4, University of the Witwatersrand5, University of Zimbabwe6, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia7, Makerere University8, Duke University9, National Institutes of Health10, Johns Hopkins University11, Columbia University12
TL;DR: Among children with prior exposure to single-dose nevirapine for perinatal prevention of HIV transmission, antiretroviral treatment consisting of zidovudine and lamivudine plus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir resulted in better outcomes than did treatment with zidvudineand lamivUDine plus ne virapine.
Abstract: Background Single-dose nevirapine is the cornerstone of the regimen for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in resource-limited settings, but nevirapine frequently selects for resistant virus in mothers and children who become infected despite prophylaxis. The optimal antiretroviral treatment strategy for children who have had prior exposure to single-dose nevirapine is unknown. Methods We conducted a randomized trial of initial therapy with zidovudine and lamivudine plus either nevirapine or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in HIV-infected children 6 to 36 months of age, in six African countries, who qualified for treatment according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results are reported for the cohort that included children exposed to single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis. The primary end point was virologic failure or discontinuation of treatment by study week 24. Enrollment in this cohort was terminated early on the recommendation of the data and safety ...
211 citations
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University of Southern California1, Vanderbilt University2, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center3, National Institutes of Health4, University of Illinois at Chicago5, Henry Ford Health System6, Johns Hopkins University7, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center8, American Cancer Society9, University of California, San Francisco10, Stony Brook University11, University of Pennsylvania12, University of Michigan13, Wake Forest University14, Washington University in St. Louis15, University of Miami16, Cancer Prevention Institute of California17, Makerere University18, New York University19, University of Ghana20, Northwestern University21, University of the West Indies22, Translational Genomics Research Institute23, University of Hawaii at Manoa24
TL;DR: A new risk variant on chromosome 17q21 is identified, ∼5% in men of African descent, whereas it is rare in other populations (<1%).
Abstract: In search of common risk alleles for prostate cancer that could contribute to high rates of the disease in men of African ancestry, we conducted a genome-wide association study, with 1,047,986 SNP markers examined in 3,425 African-Americans with prostate cancer (cases) and 3,290 African-American male controls. We followed up the most significant 17 new associations from stage 1 in 1,844 cases and 3,269 controls of African ancestry. We identified a new risk variant on chromosome 17q21 (rs7210100, odds ratio per allele = 1.51, P = 3.4 × 10(-13)). The frequency of the risk allele is ∼5% in men of African descent, whereas it is rare in other populations (<1%). Further studies are needed to investigate the biological contribution of this allele to prostate cancer risk. These findings emphasize the importance of conducting genome-wide association studies in diverse populations.
210 citations
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TL;DR: Etanercept can be safely administered during the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and trends towards superior responses to tuberculosis treatment were evident in etanercept-treated subjects in body mass, performance score, number of involved lung zones, cavitary closure, and time to sputum culture conversion.
Abstract: Objective: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an important inflammatory mediator in tuberculosis, has been implicated in causing accelerated HIV disease progression in HIV-associated tuberculosis. However, TNF blockade, particularly by monoclonal antibody, has been associated with the reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by the impairment of mycobacterial immunity. This phase 1 study examined the safety, microbiology, immunology, and virology of TNF blockade using etanercept (soluble TNF receptor, Enbrel) during the initial treatment of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Design: A single-arm trial, with key endpoints compared with historical controls, conducted in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Subjects: Sixteen HIV-1-infected patients and 42 CD4-frequency-matched controls with sputum smear-positive tuberculosis and CD4 cell counts . 200 cells/� l. Intervention: Etanercept 25 mg, eight doses administered subcutaneously twice weekly beginning on day 4 of tuberculosis therapy. Main outcome measures: Serial examination, radiography, sputum culture, CD4 Tcell counts, plasma log10 HIV-RNA copy numbers. Results: Trends towards superior responses to tuberculosis treatment were evident in etanercept-treated subjects in body mass, performance score, number of involved lung zones, cavitary closure, and time to sputum culture conversion. Etanercept treatment resulted in a 25% increase in CD4 cells by week 4 (P ¼ 0.1 compared with controls). The change in CD4 cell count was inversely related to the change in serum neopterin, a marker of macrophage activation. There was no effect on plasma HIV RNA. Conclusion: Etanercept can be safely administered during the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Further studies are warranted to examine the effects of etanercept on T-cell numbers, activation and apoptosis in AIDS and tuberculosis. & 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AIDS 2004, 18:257–264
210 citations
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TL;DR: A disproportionate number of low-income persons are affected by the natural disasters that occur in this region.
Abstract: Control of fecal-orally transmitted pathogens is inadequate in many developing countries, in particular, in sub-Saharan Africa. Acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs is becoming more prevalent among Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enteritidis, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and other pathogens in this region. The poor, who experience most of the infections caused by these organisms, bear the brunt of extended illness and exacerbated proportion of deaths brought about by resistance. Improved antimicrobial drug stewardship is an often cited, but inadequately implemented, intervention for resistance control. Resistance containment also requires improvements in infectious disease control, access to and quality assurance of antimicrobial agents, as well as diagnostic facilities. Structural improvements along these lines will also enhance disease prevention and control as well as rational antimicrobial drug use. Additionally, more research is needed to identify low-cost, high-impact interventions for resistance control.
208 citations
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TL;DR: More than half of HIV-infected infants born to HIV+ and HIV− mothers in Uganda died at less than 2 years of age and ART may need to be initiated earlier in HIV- Infected African children.
Abstract: Objective: To estimate 2-year mortality rates in HIV-1Yinfected and uninfected infants born to HIV + and HIV j mothers. Methods: Data are from a prospective study in rural Rakai District, Uganda. Infant HIV status (determined by polymerase chain reaction) was evaluated at 1 to 6 weeks postpartum and during breastfeeding, and maternal HIV viral load and CD4 levels were measured at the postpartum visit. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to assess survival of infants by maternal and infant HIV status and by quartiles of viral load. Log-rank tests were used to test the equality of survival functions. Results: Of the 4604 pregnant women, 16.9% were HIV + , and the proportion of children infected was 20.9%. Median survival of HIV-infected infants was 23 months. Two-year child mortality rates were 128 of 1000 children born to HIV j mothers, 165.5 of 1000 uninfected children born to HIV + mothers, and 540.1 of 1000 HIVinfected children (P G 0.0001). Compared with children of HIV j mothers, the hazard of child mortality was 2.04 (P G 0.001) if the mother was HIV + and 3.78 (P G 0.001) if the infant was also infected. In the adjusted model, the highest quartiles of log10 HIV viral load in infants and mothers were associated with significantly increased hazard of child mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 8.54 and HR = 2.50, respectively). Maternal CD4 counts G200 cells/mL were also significant predictors of child mortality (HR = 2.61). A total of 67.6% of HIV-infected children with viral loads above the median died by the age of 2 years and are in need of early antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conclusions: More than half of HIV-infected infants died at less than 2 years of age. Therefore, ART may need to be initiated earlier in HIV-infected African children.
206 citations
Authors
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Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Pete Smith | 156 | 2464 | 138819 |
Joy E Lawn | 108 | 330 | 55168 |
Philip J. Rosenthal | 104 | 824 | 39175 |
William M. Lee | 101 | 464 | 46052 |
David R. Bangsberg | 97 | 463 | 39251 |
Daniel O. Stram | 95 | 445 | 35983 |
Richard W. Wrangham | 93 | 288 | 29564 |
Colin A. Chapman | 92 | 491 | 28217 |
Ronald H. Gray | 92 | 529 | 34982 |
Donald Maxwell Parkin | 87 | 259 | 71469 |
Larry B. Goldstein | 85 | 434 | 36840 |
Paul Gepts | 78 | 263 | 19745 |
Maria J. Wawer | 77 | 357 | 27375 |
Robert M. Grant | 76 | 437 | 26835 |
Jerrold J. Ellner | 76 | 347 | 17893 |