University of Nevada, Reno

About: University of Nevada, Reno is a education organization based out in Reno, Nevada, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13561 authors who have published 28217 publications receiving 882002 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Nevada & Nevada State University.

Ca2+-activated K channels of canine colonic myocytes

Abstract: K channels in enzymatically dispersed circular smooth muscle cells from the canine proximal colon were studied with the patch-clamp technique. The most prominent channel in cell-attached and excised, inside-out patches was a K channel, which had slope conductances of approximately 100 pS at a holding potential of 0 mV in a physiological K+ gradient and approximately 200 pS in symmetrical 140 mM K+ solutions. The relative permeabilities of the channel for monovalent cations were 1.0 K+:0.5 Rb+: less than 0.07 Li+:less than 0.07 Na+. The channels were activated by potential and intracellular Ca2+. At Ca2+ concentrations less than 10(-7) M, channel openings were rare except at very positive potentials. At Ca2+ concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-6) M the probability of channel opening increased steeply, and the voltage for channel activation shifted to a negative potential range, which cells experience during electrical slow wave events in situ. The effect of Ca2+ on the open-state probability of single channels was mainly due to a decrease in mean close time. Channels were blocked by 1 mM tetraethylammonium applied to the outside of the patch but up to 10 mM tetraethylammonium applied to the inside of the patch, and 4-aminopyridine applied to either side did not block the channel. The data suggest that this channel mediates a current important in the termination of electrical slow waves, which are the primary excitable event in colonic circular muscles.

Sexual functioning in women reporting a history of child sexual abuse: review of the empirical literature and clinical implications.

Abstract: Researchers have frequently linked childhood sexual abuse (CSA) with some form of adult sexual disturbance. Unfortunately, research on how to treat sexual dysfunctions in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse has lagged behind. In this article, we review the literature concerning childhood sexual abuse and sexual dysfunction. In addition, we look at two theories that help explain the relationship between CSA and sexual dysfunction. Both of these theories highlight the importance of emotional experience. The contextual behavioral model described by Polusny and Follette (1995) is derived from the work of Hayes and colleagues (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) and focuses on the role of experiential avoidance in understanding the problems experienced by CSA survivors. Greenberg and colleagues' emotion theory (Greenberg & Pavio, 1998; Greenberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993; Greenberg & Savin, 1987) is useful in highlighting the way in which early abuse experiences can impair emotional development and result in maladaptive emotional schemes contributing to sexual problems. Treatments for CSA survivors' sexual problems based on the two above theories are outlined. The question concerning the applicability of traditional sex therapy for CSA survivors versus a modified treatment is discussed and recent developments in the field of sexual functioning as well as future directions for the field are also highlighted.

Wet deposition of current-use pesticides in the sierra nevada mountain range, california, usa

Abstract: Atmospheric inputs of pesticides transported from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada mountains (California, USA) were investigated by collecting winter-spring precipitation (rain and snow) from Sequoia National Park and from the Lake Tahoe basin. Pesticides currently used in California's Central Valley were detected in snow and rain samples from two elevations in Sequoia National Park (SNP) in the southern Sierras. At the lower elevation site (533 m), chlorothalonil was present at the highest levels (,0.4-85 ng/L), followed by malathion (,0.046-24 ng/L), diazinon (,0.21-19 ng/L), and chlorpyrifos (1.3-4.4 ng/ L). At 1,920 m elevation, chlorothalonil was also present at the highest levels ( ,0.57-13 ng/L) followed by diazinon (,0.057-14 ng/L), chlorpyrifos (1.1-13 ng/L), and malathion (,0.045-6 ng/L). Trifluralin, a- and g-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and a- and b-endosulfan were also detected at both locations and at lower concentrations, generally ranging from 0.5 to 2 ng/L. In the Lake Tahoe basin, elevation 2,200 m, malathion was also found in snow at concentrations ranging from ,0.046 to 18 ng/L, as was diazinon (,0.057-7 ng/L), chlorpyrifos (0.30-3.4 ng/L), and chlorothalonil (0.66-1.7 ng/L). Chlorothalonil, chlorpryifos, a- and g-HCH, and a-endosulfan were found in surface and deep water samples at two locations in Lake Tahoe and at concentrations similar to those found in snow within the lake basin. Lake Tahoe basin snow samples in general had lower concentrations than those from SNP. This difference in concentration levels reflects the closer proximity of downwind pesticide usage to SNP than the Lake Tahoe basin. An estimated annual loading of one chemical, chlorpyrifos, of 24 to 31 kg/year was made for the SNP land area. Comparisons of observed concentrations were made with reported aquatic toxicity and water criteria levels.

Statin Use and Breast Cancer: Prospective Results From the Women's Health Initiative

Abstract: Author(s): Cauley, Jane A; McTiernan, Anne; Rodabough, Rebecca J; LaCroix, Andrea; Bauer, Douglas C; Margolis, Karen L; Paskett, Electra D; Vitolins, Mara Z; Furberg, Curt D; Chlebowski, Rowan T; Women's Health Initiative Research Group | Abstract: BackgroundDespite experimental observations suggesting that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors (statins) have antitumor activity, clinical studies have reached mixed conclusions about the relationship between statin use and breast cancer risk.MethodsTo investigate associations between potency, duration of use, and type of statin used and risk of invasive breast cancer, we examined data for 156,351 postmenopausal women who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative. Information was collected on breast cancer risk factors and on the use of statins and other lipid-lowering drugs. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsOver an average follow-up of 6.7 years, 4383 invasive breast cancers were confirmed by medical record and pathology report review. Statins were used by 11,710 (7.5%) of the cohort. Breast cancer incidence was 4.09 per 1000 person-years (PY) among statin users and 4.28 per 1000 PY among nonusers. In multivariable models, the hazard ratio of breast cancer among users of any statin, compared with nonusers, was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80 to 1.05, P = .20). There was no trend in risk by duration of statin use, with HR = 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 to 1.03) for l 1 year of use, HR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.80 to 1.23) for 1- l 3 years of use, and HR = 0.94 (95% CI = 0.75 to 1.18) for g or = 3 years of use. Hydrophobic statins (i.e., simvastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin) were used by 8106 women, and their use was associated with an 18% lower breast cancer incidence (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.97, P = .02). Use of other statins (i.e., pravastatin and atorvastatin) or nonstatin lipid-lowering agents was not associated with breast cancer incidence.ConclusionsOverall statin use was not associated with invasive breast cancer incidence. Our finding that use of hydrophobic statins may be associated with lower breast cancer incidence suggests possible within-class differences that warrant further evaluation.