A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects
A. A. Abdo,Markus Ackermann,Marco Ajello,Katsuaki Asano,W. B. Atwood,Magnus Axelsson,Magnus Axelsson,Luca Baldini,Jean Ballet,Guido Barbiellini,Guido Barbiellini,Matthew G. Baring,Denis Bastieri,Denis Bastieri,Keith Bechtol,Ronaldo Bellazzini,B. Berenji,P. N. Bhat,Elisabetta Bissaldi,E. D. Bloom,Emanuele Bonamente,Emanuele Bonamente,J. Bonnell,J. Bonnell,A. W. Borgland,A. Bouvier,Johan Bregeon,Alessandro Brez,Michael S. Briggs,M. Brigida,P. Bruel,J. M. Burgess,T. H. Burnett,G.A. Caliandro,R. A. Cameron,P. A. Caraveo,J. M. Casandjian,C. Cecchi,C. Cecchi,Oe Celik,Vandiver Chaplin,E. Charles,C. C. Cheung,C. C. Cheung,James Chiang,Stefano Ciprini,Stefano Ciprini,R. Claus,Johann Cohen-Tanugi,L. R. Cominsky,Valerie Connaughton,Jan Conrad,S. Cutini,C. D. Dermer,A. De Angelis,A. De Angelis,F. de Palma,Seth Digel,Brenda Dingus,E. Do Couto E Silva,Persis S. Drell,Richard Dubois,D. Dumora,Christian Farnier,C. Favuzzi,Stephen Fegan,Justin D. Finke,Gerald J. Fishman,W. B. Focke,Luigi Foschini,Yasushi Fukazawa,Stefan Funk,P. Fusco,F. Gargano,Dario Gasparrini,Neil Gehrels,Neil Gehrels,S. Germani,S. Germani,L. Gibby,B. Giebels,Nicola Giglietto,Francesco Giordano,T. Glanzman,G. Godfrey,Jonathan Granot,Jochen Greiner,I. A. Grenier,M.-H. Grondin,J. E. Grove,Dirk Grupe,L. Guillemot,Sylvain Guiriec,Y. Hanabata,Alice K. Harding,M. Hayashida,E. Hays,E. A. Hoversten,R. E. Hughes,Gudlaugur Johannesson,A. S. Johnson,R. P. Johnson,W. N. Johnson,T. Kamae,Hideaki Katagiri,Jun Kataoka,Jun Kataoka,Nobuyuki Kawai,Matthew Kerr,R. M. Kippen,J. Knoedlseder,Daniel Kocevski,Chryssa Kouveliotou,F. Kuehn,M. Kuss,J. Lande,Luca Latronico,Marianne Lemoine-Goumard,Francesco Longo,Francesco Longo,F. Loparco,Benoit Lott,M. N. Lovellette,P. Lubrano,P. Lubrano,Grzegorz Madejski,A. Makeev,A. Makeev,M. N. Mazziotta,Sheila McBreen,Sheila McBreen,Julie McEnery,S. McGlynn,Peter Mészáros,C. Meurer,Peter F. Michelson,W. Mitthumsiri,Tsunefumi Mizuno,A. A. Moiseev,C. Monte,M. E. Monzani,Elena Moretti,Elena Moretti,A. Morselli,Igor V. Moskalenko,S. Murgia,Takeshi Nakamori,P. L. Nolan,J. P. Norris,Eric Nuss,Masanori Ohno,T. Ohsugi,Nicola Omodei,E. Orlando,Jonathan F. Ormes,M. Ozaki,W. S. Paciesas,David Paneque,J. H. Panetta,D. Parent,V. Pelassa,M. Pepe,M. Pepe,Melissa Pesce-Rollins,Vahé Petrosian,F. Piron,T. A. Porter,Robert D. Preece,S. Rainò,Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz,Riccardo Rando,Riccardo Rando,M. Razzano,Soebur Razzaque,A. Reimer,Olaf Reimer,T. Reposeur,Steven Ritz,L.S. Rochester,A. Y. Rodriguez,M. Roth,Felix Ryde,Hartmut Sadrozinski,David Sanchez,A. Sander,P. M. Saz Parkinson,Jeffrey D. Scargle,T. Schalk,Carmelo Sgrò,E. J. Siskind,David A. Smith,P. D. Smith,Gloria Spandre,P. Spinelli,P. Spinelli,Michael Stamatikos,Michael Stamatikos,Floyd W. Stecker,M. S. Strickman,D. J. Suson,Hiroyasu Tajima,Hiromitsu Takahashi,Tadayuki Takahashi,Takaaki Tanaka,J. B. Thayer,J. G. Thayer,D. J. Thompson,L. Tibaldo,L. Tibaldo,L. Tibaldo,Kenji Toma,Diego F. Torres,Gino Tosti,Gino Tosti,Eleonora Troja,Eleonora Troja,Yasunobu Uchiyama,Yasunobu Uchiyama,T. Uehara,T. L. Usher,A. J. van der Horst,V. Vasileiou,N. Vilchez,V. Vitale,V. Vitale,A. von Kienlin,A. P. Waite,Paul J. Wang,Colleen A. Wilson-Hodge,Brian L Winer,K. S. Wood,Xue-Feng Wu,Xue-Feng Wu,Ryo Yamazaki,T. Ylinen,T. Ylinen,M. Ziegler +236 more
TLDR
The detection of emission up to ∼31 GeV from the distant and short GRB, and no evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance is found, which disfavour quantum-gravity theories in which the quantum nature of space–time on a very small scale linearly alters the speed of light.Abstract:
A cornerstone of Einstein's special relativity is Lorentz invariance-the postulate that all observers measure exactly the same speed of light in vacuum, independent of photon-energy. While special relativity assumes that there is no fundamental length-scale associated with such invariance, there is a fundamental scale (the Planck scale, l(Planck) approximate to 1.62 x 10(-33) cm or E(Planck) = M(Planck)c(2) approximate to 1.22 x 10(19) GeV), at which quantum effects are expected to strongly affect the nature of space-time. There is great interest in the (not yet validated) idea that Lorentz invariance might break near the Planck scale. A key test of such violation of Lorentz invariance is a possible variation of photon speed with energy(1-7). Even a tiny variation in photon speed, when accumulated over cosmological light-travel times, may be revealed by observing sharp features in gamma-ray burst (GRB) light-curves(2). Here we report the detection of emission up to similar to 31GeV from the distant and short GRB090510. We find no evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance, and place a lower limit of 1.2E(Planck) on the scale of a linear energy dependence (or an inverse wavelength dependence), subject to reasonable assumptions about the emission (equivalently we have an upper limit of l(Planck)/1.2 on the length scale of the effect). Our results disfavour quantum-gravity theories(3,6,7) in which the quantum nature of space-time on a very small scale linearly alters the speed of light.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fermi large area telescope first source catalog
A. A. Abdo,A. A. Abdo,Markus Ackermann,Marco Ajello,Alice Allafort,Elisa Antolini,Elisa Antolini,W. B. Atwood,Magnus Axelsson,Magnus Axelsson,Luca Baldini,Jean Ballet,Guido Barbiellini,Guido Barbiellini,Denis Bastieri,Denis Bastieri,B. M. Baughman,Keith Bechtol,Ronaldo Bellazzini,F. Belli,F. Belli,B. Berenji,Dario Bisello,Dario Bisello,Roger Blandford,E. D. Bloom,Emanuele Bonamente,Emanuele Bonamente,J. Bonnell,J. Bonnell,A. W. Borgland,A. Bouvier,Johan Bregeon,Alessandro Brez,M. Brigida,M. Brigida,P. Bruel,T. H. Burnett,G. Busetto,G. Busetto,S. Buson,S. Buson,G. A. Caliandro,R. A. Cameron,Riccardo Campana,B. Canadas,B. Canadas,P. A. Caraveo,S. Carrigan,J. M. Casandjian,E. Cavazzuti,M. Ceccanti,C. Cecchi,C. Cecchi,Omer Celik,Omer Celik,Eric Charles,A. Chekhtman,A. Chekhtman,C. C. Cheung,C. C. Cheung,James Chiang,A. N. Cillis,Stefano Ciprini,R. Claus,Johann Cohen-Tanugi,Jan Conrad,Jan Conrad,R. H. D. Corbet,R. H. D. Corbet,David S. Davis,David S. Davis,M. Deklotz,P. R. den Hartog,Charles D. Dermer,A. De Angelis,A. De Luca,F. de Palma,F. de Palma,Seth Digel,M. Dormody,E. Do Couto E Silva,Persis S. Drell,R. Dubois,D. Dumora,D. Fabiani,C. Farnier,C. Favuzzi,C. Favuzzi,S. J. Fegan,Elizabeth C. Ferrara,W. B. Focke,P. Fortin,M. Frailis,Yasushi Fukazawa,Stefan Funk,P. Fusco,P. Fusco,F. Gargano,Dario Gasparrini,Neil Gehrels,S. Germani,S. Germani,Gianluca Giavitto,Gianluca Giavitto,B. Giebels,Nicola Giglietto,Nicola Giglietto,Paolo Giommi,F. Giordano,F. Giordano,Marcello Giroletti,T. Glanzman,G. Godfrey,I. A. Grenier,M.-H. Grondin,M.-H. Grondin,J. E. Grove,L. Guillemot,Sylvain Guiriec,Mats Gustafsson,D. Hadasch,Y. Hanabata,Alice K. Harding,M. Hayashida,E. Hays,S. E. Healey,A. B. Hill,D. Horan,R. E. Hughes,G. Iafrate,Gudlaugur Johannesson,A. S. Johnson,R. P. Johnson,Tyrel J. Johnson,Tyrel J. Johnson,W. N. Johnson,T. Kamae,Hideaki Katagiri,Jun Kataoka,Nobuyuki Kawai,Matthew Kerr,Jürgen Knödlseder,D. Kocevski,M. Kuss,J. Lande,D. Landriu,Luca Latronico,Shiu-Hang Lee,M. Lemoine-Goumard,Andrea Lionetto,Andrea Lionetto,M. Llena Garde,Francesco Longo,Francesco Longo,F. Loparco,F. Loparco,B. Lott,M. N. Lovellette,P. Lubrano,P. Lubrano,G. M. Madejski,A. Makeev,A. Makeev,B. Marangelli,B. Marangelli,M. Marelli,Enrico Massaro,M. N. Mazziotta,W. McConville,W. McConville,Julie McEnery,Julie McEnery,Peter F. Michelson,Massimo Minuti,W. Mitthumsiri,Tsunefumi Mizuno,A. A. Moiseev,A. A. Moiseev,M. Mongelli,C. Monte,C. Monte,M. E. Monzani,Elena Moretti,Elena Moretti,A. Morselli,Igor V. Moskalenko,S. Murgia,Hiroshi Nakajima,Takeshi Nakamori,M. Naumann-Godo,P. L. Nolan,J. P. Norris,E. Nuss,Masanori Ohno,T. Ohsugi,Nicola Omodei,E. Orlando,Jonathan F. Ormes,M. Ozaki,Alessandro Paccagnella,Alessandro Paccagnella,David Paneque,J. H. Panetta,D. Parent,D. Parent,V. Pelassa,M. Pepe,M. Pepe,Melissa Pesce-Rollins,Michele Pinchera,F. Piron,T. A. Porter,L. Poupard,S. Rainò,S. Rainò,Riccardo Rando,Riccardo Rando,Paul S. Ray,M. Razzano,Soebur Razzaque,Soebur Razzaque,Nanda Rea,A. Reimer,Olaf Reimer,T. Reposeur,Joachim Ripken,Steven Ritz,L. S. Rochester,A. Y. Rodriguez,Roger W. Romani,M. Roth,Hartmut Sadrozinski,David Salvetti,David Sánchez,A. Sander,P. M. Saz Parkinson,Jeffrey D. Scargle,T. L. Schalk,G. Scolieri,Carmelo Sgrò,M. S. Shaw,E. J. Siskind,David S. Smith,P. D. Smith,Gloria Spandre,P. Spinelli,P. Spinelli,Jean-Luc Starck,T. E. Stephens,T. E. Stephens,E. Striani,E. Striani,M. S. Strickman,Andrew W. Strong,D. J. Suson,Hiroyasu Tajima,Hiromitsu Takahashi,Tadayuki Takahashi,Takaaki Tanaka,J. B. Thayer,J. G. Thayer,D. J. Thompson,L. Tibaldo,O. Tibolla,F. Tinebra,Diego F. Torres,Diego F. Torres,Gino Tosti,Gino Tosti,A. Tramacere,Yasunobu Uchiyama,T. L. Usher,A. Van Etten,V. Vasileiou,V. Vasileiou,N. Vilchez,V. Vitale,V. Vitale,A. P. Waite,E. Wallace,P. Wang,K. Watters,Brian L Winer,Kent S. Wood,Zhenwei Yang,T. Ylinen,T. Ylinen,M. Ziegler +288 more
TL;DR: The first Fermi-LAT catalog (1FGL) as mentioned in this paper contains 1451 sources detected and characterized in the 100 MeV to 100 GeV range, and the threshold likelihood Test Statistic is 25, corresponding to a significance of just over 4 sigma.
Journal ArticleDOI
Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
TL;DR: A review of nearly a decade of short gamma-ray bursts and their afterglow and host-galaxy observations is presented in this article, where the authors use this information to shed light on the nature and properties of their progenitors, the energy scale and collimation of the relativistic outflow, and the properties of the circumburst environments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA: An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy
Marcos Daniel Actis,G. Agnetta,Felix Aharonian,A. G. Akhperjanian,Jelena Aleksić,E. Aliu,D. Allan,Ingomar Allekotte,F.C. Antico,Louis Antonelli,P. Antoranz,A. Aravantinos,T. C. Arlen,H. Arnaldi,S. Artmann,Katsuaki Asano,Hernán Asorey,J. Bähr,Alkiviadis F. Bais,C. Baixeras,S. Bajtlik,Dimitris Balis,Aya Bamba,C. Barbier,M. Barcelo,Anna Barnacka,Jürgen Barnstedt,U. Barres de Almeida,Juan Abel Barrio,Stefano Basso,Denis Bastieri,C. Bauer,J. Becerra,J. Becerra,Yvonne Becherini,Keith Bechtol,J. K. Becker,Volker Beckmann,W. Bednarek,B. Behera,Matthias Beilicke,Massimiliano Belluso,M. Benallou,Wystan Benbow,J. Berdugo,K. Berger,K. Berger,T. Bernardino,Konrad Bernlöhr,Adrian Biland,Sergio Billotta,T. Bird,E. Birsin,Elisabetta Bissaldi,S. Blake,Oscar Blanch,A. Bobkov,Leszek Bogacz,M. Bogdan,Catherine Boisson,J. Boix,J. Bolmont,Giovanni Bonanno,A. Bonardi,Tanyu Bonev,J. Borkowski,Olga Botner,Asdrúbal Enrique Bottani,M. Bourgeat,C. Boutonnet,A. Bouvier,S. Brau-Nogue,S. Brau-Nogue,Ilana M. Braun,Thomas Bretz,Michael S. Briggs,Pierre Brun,L. Brunetti,J. H. Buckley,V. Bugaev,R. Bühler,Tomasz Bulik,G. Busetto,S. Buson,Karen Byrum,M. Cailles,R. A. Cameron,Rodolfo Canestrari,S. Cantu,E. Carmona,Alessandro Carosi,J. Carr,P.H. Carton,M. Casiraghi,H. Castarede,Osvaldo Catalano,S. Cavazzani,S. Cazaux,B. Cerruti,Matteo Cerruti,P. M. Chadwick,James Chiang,M. Chikawa,M. Cieślar,M. Ciesielska,A. Cillis,C. Clerc,Pierre Colin,Josep Colomé,M. Compin,Paolo Conconi,Valerie Connaughton,Jan Conrad,Jose Luis Contreras,Paolo De Coppi,M. Corlier,P. Corona,O. Corpace,D. Corti,Juan Cortina,Heide Costantini,Garret Cotter,B. Courty,S. Couturier,Stefano Covino,Judith H. Croston,Giancarlo Cusumano,M. K. Daniel,Francesco Dazzi,A. De Angelis,E. De Cea del Pozo,E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino,O. C. de Jager,I. de la Calle Perez,G. De La Vega,B. De Lotto,M. de Naurois,E. de Oña Wilhelmi,V. de Souza,B. Decerprit,Christoph Deil,Eric Delagnes,G. Deleglise,C. Delgado,T. Dettlaff,A. Di Paolo,F. Di Pierro,C. Díaz,J. Dick,Hugh Dickinson,Seth Digel,Dinko Dimitrov,G. Disset,A. Djannati-Ataï,M. Doert,W. Domainko,Daniela Dorner,Michele Doro,Michele Doro,J. L. Dournaux,Dainis Dravins,Luke O'c. Drury,F. Dubois,R. Dubois,Guillaume Dubus,C. Dufour,Dominique Durand,J. Dyks,M. Dyrda,E. Edy,Kathrin Egberts,C. Eleftheriadis,Sabine Elles,Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos,Ryoji Enomoto,J.-P. Ernenwein,Manel Errando,A. Etchegoyen,Abraham D. Falcone,K. Farakos,C. Farnier,S. Federici,F. Feinstein,Daniel Ferenc,E. Fillin-Martino,David Fink,Chad Finley,J. P. Finley,R. Firpo,D. Florin,C. Föhr,E. Fokitis,Ll. Font,G. Fontaine,Adriano Fontana,A. Förster,Lucy Fortson,N. Fouque,Claes Fransson,G.W. Fraser,L. Fresnillo,Christian Fruck,Yutaka Fujita,Yasushi Fukazawa,Stefan Funk,W. Gäbele,Stefano Gabici,A. Gadola,N. Galante,Y. A. Gallant,B. García,R. J. García López,R. J. García López,D. Garrido,L. Garrido,David Gascon,C. Gasq,Markus Gaug,J. Gaweda,N. Geffroy,C. Ghag,Adriano Ghedina,Mauro Ghigo,E. Gianakaki,S. Giarrusso,Gianluca Giavitto,B. Giebels,Enrico Giro,Piero Giubilato,T. Glanzman,J.F. Glicenstein,M. Gochna,V. Golev,M. Gómez Berisso,A. Gonzalez,F. Gonzalez,F. Grañena,Ricardo Graciani,Jonathan Granot,R. Gredig,Anne M. Green,T. Greenshaw,Oliver Grimm,J. Grube,M. Grudzińska,Jerzy Grygorczuk,V. J. Guarino,L. Guglielmi,F. Guilloux,Shuichi Gunji,Geza Gyuk,Daniela Hadasch,Dennis Haefner,Rika Hagiwara,Joachim Hahn,Allan Hallgren,Shinji Hara,Martin J. Hardcastle,Tarek M. Hassan,T. Haubold,M. Hauser,M. Hayashida,Ryan Heller,Gilles Henri,German Hermann,Artemio Herrero,Artemio Herrero,Jim Hinton,Dieter H. H. Hoffmann,Werner Hofmann,Petter Hofverberg,Dieter Horns,Dario Hrupec,H. Huan,B. Huber,J. M. Huet,Gareth Hughes,K. Hultquist,T. B. Humensky,J. F. Huppert,Alejandro Ibarra,J. M. Illa,J. Ingjald,Yoshiyuki Inoue,Susumu Inoue,Kunihito Ioka,C. Jablonski,A. Jacholkowska,M. Janiak,P. Jean,P. Jean,Hannes Jensen,T. Jogler,I. Jung,Philip Kaaret,Shigeto Kabuki,Jun Kakuwa,C. Kalkuhl,R. Kankanyan,M. Kapala,Aris Karastergiou,M. Karczewski,S. Karkar,N. Karlsson,J. Kasperek,Hideaki Katagiri,K. Katarzyński,Norita Kawanaka,B. Kȩdziora,Eckhard Kendziorra,B. Khélifi,David Kieda,Tadashi Kifune,Thomas Kihm,S. Klepser,W. Kluźniak,J. Knapp,A. R. Knappy,T. Kneiske,Jürgen Knödlseder,Jürgen Knödlseder,F. Köck,K. Kodani,Kazunori Kohri,Kostas D. Kokkotas,Nu. Komin,A. Konopelko,K. Kosack,R. Kossakowski,P. Kostka,J. Kotula,Grzegorz Kowal,J. Koziol,T. Krähenbühl,J. Krause,Henric Krawczynski,F. Krennrich,A. Kretzschmann,Hidetoshi Kubo,V. A. Kudryavtsev,J. Kushida,N. La Barbera,V. La Parola,G. La Rosa,A. M. Lopez,G. Lamanna,Philippe Laporte,C. Lavalley,T. Le Flour,A. Le Padellec,A. Le Padellec,J.-P. Lenain,Luigi Lessio,B. Lieunard,Elina Lindfors,A. Liolios,Thomas Lohse,Saverio Lombardi,A. Lopatin,E. Lorenz,P. Lubinski,O. Luz,Etienne Lyard,Maria Concetta Maccarone,Thomas J. Maccarone,Gernot Maier,P. Majumdar,Stavros Maltezos,P. Małkiewicz,C. Maña,A. Manalaysay,G. Maneva,A. Mangano,P. Manigot,J. C. Marin,Mosè Mariotti,Sera Markoff,German Martinez,M. I. Martínez,Apostolos Mastichiadis,Hironori Matsumoto,Serena Mattiazzo,Daniel Mazin,T. J. L. McComb,N. A. McCubbin,I. M. McHardy,C. Medina,D. Melkumyan,A. Mendes,Philipp Mertsch,Mario Meucci,J. Michałowski,P. Micolon,Teresa Mineo,Nestor Mirabal,F. Mirabel,Jose Miguel Miranda,R. Mirzoyan,Tsunefumi Mizuno,B. Moal,R. Moderski,Emilio Molinari,I. Monteiro,Abelardo Moralejo,C. Morello,K. Mori,G. Motta,Fabrice Mottez,Emmanuel Moulin,Reshmi Mukherjee,P. Munar,Hiroshi Muraishi,Kohta Murase,A. St. J. Murphy,Shigehiro Nagataki,Tsuguya Naito,Takeshi Nakamori,K. Nakayama,C. L. Naumann,D. Naumann,P. Nayman,D. Nedbal,A. Niedźwiecki,Jacek Niemiec,A. Nikolaidis,K. Nishijima,S. J. Nolan,Nina Nowak,P. T. O'Brien,I. Ochoa,Yutaka Ohira,Michiko Ohishi,H. Ohka,Akira Okumura,C. Olivetto,R. A. Ong,Reiko Orito,Matthew R. Orr,J. P. Osborne,M. Ostrowski,L. A. Otero,A. N. Otte,Evgeni Ovcharov,I. Oya,A. Oziȩbło,S. Paiano,J. Pallota,J. L. Panazol,David Paneque,M. Panter,Riccardo Paoletti,G. Papyan,J. M. Paredes,G. Pareschi,R. D. Parsons,M. Paz Arribas,G. Pedaletti,A. Pepato,Massimo Persic,P.-O. Petrucci,B. Peyaud,Włodzimierz Piechocki,S. Pita,G. Pivato,Ł. Płatos,R. Platzer,L. Pogosyan,Martin Pohl,G. Pojmanski,J. D. Ponz,William J. Potter,Elisa Prandini,Robert D. Preece,H. Prokoph,G. Pühlhofer,Michael Punch,E. J. Quel,Andreas Quirrenbach,P. J. Rajda,Riccardo Rando,M. Rataj,M. Raue,C. Reimann,O. Reimann,A. Reimer,Olaf Reimer,M. Renaud,S. Renner,J.-M. Reymond,Wolfgang Rhode,Marc Ribó,M. Ribordy,J. Rico,J. Rico,Frank M. Rieger,P. Ringegni,J. Ripken,P. Ristori,S. Rivoire,L. Rob,S. Rodriguez,U. Roeser,P. Romano,Gustavo E. Romero,S. Rosier-Lees,A. C. Rovero,F. Roy,S. Royer,B. Rudak,Cameron B Rulten,J. Ruppel,Francesco Russo,Felix Ryde,B. Sacco,A. Saggion,V. Sahakian,K. Saito,Takashi Saito,Naoto Sakaki,E. Salazar,A. Salini,F. Sánchez,M. Á. Sánchez Conde,M. Á. Sánchez Conde,Andrea Santangelo,E. M. Santos,Andreu Sanuy,L. Sapozhnikov,Subir Sarkar,V. Scalzotto,V. Scapin,M. Scarcioffolo,Thomas Schanz,S. Schlenstedt,Reinhard Schlickeiser,T. O. B. Schmidt,Jürgen Schmoll,M. Schroedter,C. Schultz,J. Schultze,A. Schulz,U. Schwanke,S. Schwarzburg,T. Schweizer,John H. Seiradakis,S. Selmane,Karol Seweryn,M. Shayduk,R. C. Shellard,T. Shibata,Marek Sikora,Joseph Silk,A. Sillanpää,Julian Sitarek,C. Skole,Nathan Smith,Dorota Sobczyńska,M. Sofo Haro,Helene Sol,Felix Spanier,Daniele Spiga,S. Spyrou,Victor Stamatescu,Antonio Stamerra,R. L. C. Starling,Łukasz Stawarz,R. Steenkamp,C. Stegmann,S. Steiner,Nikolaos Stergioulas,R. Sternberger,F. Stinzing,M. Stodulski,U. Straumann,A. E. Suárez,M. Suchenek,R. Sugawara,Karl-Heinz Sulanke,S. Sun,A. D. Supanitsky,P. Sutcliffe,Michał Szanecki,Tomasz Szepieniec,Anna Szostek,A. E. Szymkowiak,Gianpiero Tagliaferri,Hiroyasu Tajima,Hiromitsu Takahashi,K. Takahashi,L. O. Takalo,Hajime Takami,R. G. Talbot,P. H. Tam,Masayuki Tanaka,Toru Tanimori,Marco Tavani,J. P. Tavernet,C. Tchernin,Luis Ángel Tejedor,I. 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Yoshida,Tatsuo Yoshida,Takanori Yoshikoshi,Victor Zabalza,A. Zagdański,A. Zajczyk,A.A. Zdziarski,Andreas Zech,K. Ziȩtara,P. Ziółkowski,V. Zitelli,P. Zychowski +685 more
TL;DR: The ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes as mentioned in this paper, which is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100GeV and above 100 TeV.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of major developments in our understanding of gamma-ray bursts, with particular focus on the discoveries made within the last fifteen years when their true nature was uncovered, can be found in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of major developments in the understanding of gamma-ray bursts can be found in this article, with particular focus on the discoveries made within the last fifteen years when their true nature was uncovered.
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TL;DR: This article presents bootstrap methods for estimation, using simple arguments, with Minitab macros for implementing these methods, as well as some examples of how these methods could be used for estimation purposes.
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Identification of two classes of gamma-ray bursts
Chryssa Kouveliotou,Charles A. Meegan,Gerald J. Fishman,Narayana P. Bhat,Michael S. Briggs,Thomas M. Koshut,William S. Paciesas,G. N. Pendleton +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the duration distribution of the gamma-ray bursts of the first BATSE catalog is studied and a bimodality in the distribution is found, which separates GRBs into two classes: short events (less than 2 s) and longer ones (more than 2 S).
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The physics of gamma-ray bursts
TL;DR: A review of the current theoretical understanding of the physical processes believed to take place in GRB's can be found in this article, where the authors focus on the afterglow itself, the jet break in the light curve, and the optical flash that accompanies the GRB.
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The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
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TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that most long-duration soft-spectrum gamma-ray bursts are accompanied by massive stellar explosions (GRB-SNe) and that most of the energy in the explosion is contained in nonrelativistic ejecta (producing the supernova) rather than in the relativistic jets responsible for making the burst and its afterglow.
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Tests of quantum gravity from observations of γ-ray bursts
Giovanni Amelino-Camelia,Giovanni Amelino-Camelia,John Ellis,Nikolaos Mavromatos,Dimitri V. Nanopoulos,Dimitri V. Nanopoulos,Dimitri V. Nanopoulos,Subir Sarkar +7 more
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