Journal ArticleDOI
Classification, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Extracellular Vesicles
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TLDR
Evidence is accumulating that vesicles are cargo containers used by eukaryotic cells to exchange biomolecules as transmembrane receptors and genetic information, and they have a myriad of potential clinical applications, ranging from biomarkers to anticancer therapy.Abstract:
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells release small, phospholipid-enclosed vesicles into their environment. Why do cells release vesicles? Initial studies showed that eukaryotic vesicles are used to remove obsolete cellular molecules. Although this release of vesicles is beneficial to the cell, the vesicles can also be a danger to their environment, for instance in blood, where vesicles can provide a surface supporting coagulation. Evidence is accumulating that vesicles are cargo containers used by eukaryotic cells to exchange biomolecules as transmembrane receptors and genetic information. Because also bacteria communicate to each other via extracellular vesicles, the intercellular communication via extracellular cargo carriers seems to be conserved throughout evolution, and therefore vesicles are likely to be a highly efficient, robust, and economic manner of exchanging information between cells. Furthermore, vesicles protect cells from accumulation of waste or drugs, they contribute to physiology and pathology, and they have a myriad of potential clinical applications, ranging from biomarkers to anticancer therapy. Because vesicles may pass the blood-brain barrier, they can perhaps even be considered naturally occurring liposomes. Unfortunately, pathways of vesicle release and vesicles themselves are also being used by tumors and infectious diseases to facilitate spreading, and to escape from immune surveillance. In this review, the different types, nomenclature, functions, and clinical relevance of vesicles will be discussed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions
María Yáñez-Mó,Pia Siljander,Zoraida Andreu,Apolonija Bedina Zavec,Francesc E. Borràs,Edit I. Buzás,Krisztina Buzas,Krisztina Buzas,Enriqueta Casal,Francesco Cappello,Joana Carvalho,Joana Carvalho,Eva Colas,Anabela Cordeiro da Silva,Anabela Cordeiro da Silva,Stefano Fais,Juan M. Falcón-Pérez,Irene M. Ghobrial,Bernd Giebel,Mario Gimona,Mario Gimona,Michael W. Graner,Ihsan Gursel,Mayda Gursel,Niels H. H. Heegaard,Niels H. H. Heegaard,An Hendrix,Peter Kierulf,Katsutoshi Kokubun,Maja Kosanović,Veronika Kralj-Iglič,Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers,Saara Laitinen,Cecilia Lässer,Thomas Lener,Thomas Lener,Erzsébet Ligeti,Aija Linē,Georg Lipps,Alicia Llorente,Jan Lötvall,Mateja Manček-Keber,Antonio Marcilla,María Mittelbrunn,Irina Nazarenko,Esther N. M. Nolte-‘t Hoen,Tuula A. Nyman,Lorraine O'Driscoll,Mireia Olivan,Carla Oliveira,Carla Oliveira,Éva Pállinger,Hernando A. del Portillo,Hernando A. del Portillo,Jaume Reventós,Jaume Reventós,Marina Rigau,Eva Rohde,Eva Rohde,Marei Sammar,Francisco Sánchez-Madrid,Nuno Santarém,Nuno Santarém,Katharina Schallmoser,Katharina Schallmoser,Marie Stampe Ostenfeld,Willem Stoorvogel,Roman Štukelj,Susanne G. van der Grein,M. Helena Vasconcelos,M. Helena Vasconcelos,Marca H. M. Wauben,Olivier De Wever +72 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the physiological roles of EVs is provided, drawing on the unique EV expertise of academia-based scientists, clinicians and industry based in 27 European countries, the United States and Australia.
Journal ArticleDOI
Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes.
Joanna Kowal,Guillaume Arras,Marina Colombo,Mabel Jouve,Jakob Paul Morath,Bjarke Primdal-Bengtson,Florent Dingli,Damarys Loew,Mercedes Tkach,Clotilde Théry +9 more
TL;DR: This work demonstrates the presence of exosomal and nonexosomal subpopulations within small EVs, and proposes their differential separation by immuno-isolation using either CD63, CD81, or CD9, and provides guidelines to define subtypes of EVs for future functional studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research
Kenneth W. Witwer,Edit I. Buzás,Lynne T. Bemis,Adriana Bora,Cecilia Lässer,Jan Lötvall,Esther Nolte-‘t Hoen,Melissa G. Piper,Sarada Sivaraman,Johan Skog,Clotilde Théry,Marca H. M. Wauben,Fred H. Hochberg +12 more
TL;DR: The need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results is emphasized, and it is recognized that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis
Annette Becker,Basant Kumar Thakur,Joshua Mitchell Weiss,Han Sang Kim,Han Sang Kim,Héctor Peinado,David Lyden +6 more
TL;DR: Clinically, EVs may be biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer progression, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials - an ISEV position paper
Thomas Lener,Mario Gimona,Ludwig Aigner,Verena Börger,Edit I. Buzás,Giovanni Camussi,Nathalie Chaput,Devasis Chatterjee,Felipe A. Court,Hernando A. del Portillo,Lorraine O'Driscoll,Stefano Fais,Juan M. Falcón-Pérez,Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser,Lorenzo Fraile,Yong Song Gho,André Görgens,Ramesh C. Gupta,An Hendrix,Dirk M. Hermann,Andrew F. Hill,Fred H. Hochberg,Peter A. Horn,Dominique P.V. de Kleijn,Lambros Kordelas,Boris W. Kramer,Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers,Sandra Laner-Plamberger,Saara Laitinen,Tommaso Leonardi,Magdalena J. Lorenowicz,Sai Kiang Lim,Jan Lötvall,Casey A. Maguire,Antonio Marcilla,Irina Nazarenko,Takahiro Ochiya,Tushar Patel,Shona Pedersen,Gabriella Pocsfalvi,Stefano Pluchino,Peter J. Quesenberry,Ilona G. Reischl,Francisco J. Rivera,Ralf Sanzenbacher,Katharina Schallmoser,Ineke Slaper-Cortenbach,Dirk Strunk,Torsten Tonn,Pieter Vader,Pieter Vader,Bas W.M. van Balkom,Marca H. M. Wauben,Samir El Andaloussi,Samir El Andaloussi,Clotilde Théry,Eva Rohde,Bernd Giebel +57 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and discuss safety and regulatory requirements that must be considered for pharmaceutical manufacturing and clinical application.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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