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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases.

Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, +1 more
- 01 Dec 2008 - 
- Vol. 8, Iss: 12, pp 923-934
TLDR
This Review provides an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discusses how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.
Abstract
The proper functioning of the pathways that are involved in the sensing and management of nutrients is central to metabolic homeostasis and is therefore among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily conserved. This close functional and molecular integration of the immune and metabolic systems is emerging as a crucial homeostatic mechanism, the dysfunction of which underlies many chronic metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. In this Review we provide an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discuss how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.

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Rice bran prevents high-fat diet-induced inflammation and macrophage content in adipose tissue.

TL;DR: RBEE-supplemented diet attenuated insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and morphological and functional alterations of adipose tissue in DIO mice, and may be considered an alternative nutritional complement over metabolic syndrome and its complications.
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Metabolic stress drives sympathetic neuropathy within the liver.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined neural distributions in the mouse, nonhuman primate, and human livers with advanced 3D imaging and found that neural innervations within the liver are predominantly sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, inputs.
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Obesity-associated proinflammatory cytokines increase calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) protein expression in primary human adipocytes and LS14 human adipose cell line ☆

TL;DR: Observations that proinflammatory factors increase CaSR levels in adipocytes, and the reported ability of CaSR to elevate cytokine levels, open new aspects in the study of obesity inflammatory state pathophysiology, providing a potential novel therapeutic prevention and treatment target.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest

TL;DR: It is demonstrated through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that changes in the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota and indicates that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet.
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Inflammation and metabolic disorders

TL;DR: Dysfunction of the immune response and metabolic regulation interface can be viewed as a central homeostatic mechanism, dysfunction of which can lead to a cluster of chronic metabolic disorders, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Journal ArticleDOI

Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance

TL;DR: A role for TNF-alpha in obesity and particularly in the insulin resistance and diabetes that often accompany obesity is indicated.
Journal ArticleDOI

Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance.

TL;DR: It is proposed that obesity-related insulin resistance is, at least in part, a chronic inflammatory disease initiated in adipose tissue, and that macrophage-related inflammatory activities may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI

Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

TL;DR: Together, at least three mechanistically distinct arms of the UPR regulate the expression of numerous genes that function within the secretory pathway but also affect broad aspects of cell fate and the metabolism of proteins, amino acids and lipids.
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