Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases.
TLDR
This Review provides an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discusses how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.Abstract:
The proper functioning of the pathways that are involved in the sensing and management of nutrients is central to metabolic homeostasis and is therefore among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily conserved. This close functional and molecular integration of the immune and metabolic systems is emerging as a crucial homeostatic mechanism, the dysfunction of which underlies many chronic metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. In this Review we provide an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discuss how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.read more
Citations
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Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease.
TL;DR: Preliminary results from clinical trials with salicylates and interleukin-1 antagonists support the notion that inflammation participates in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and have opened the door for immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of T2D that simultaneously lower blood glucose levels and potentially reduce the severity and prevalence of the associated complications of this disease.
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The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Bolormaa Vandanmagsar,Yun-Hee Youm,Anthony Ravussin,Jose E. Galgani,Krisztian Stadler,Randall L. Mynatt,Eric Ravussin,Jacqueline M. Stephens,Vishwa Deep Dixit +8 more
TL;DR: It is established that calorie restriction and exercise-mediated weight loss in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in adipose tissue expression of Nlrp3 as well as with decreased inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity, and that the NlrP3 inflammasome senses obesity-associated danger signals and contributes to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis†
TL;DR: Endoplasmic reticulum stress and related signaling networks, (adipo)cytokines, and innate immunity are emerging as central pathways that regulate key features of NASH.
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Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice Lacking Toll-Like Receptor 5
Matam Vijay-Kumar,Jesse D. Aitken,Frederic A. Carvalho,Tyler C. Cullender,Simon M. Mwangi,Shanthi Srinivasan,Shanthi V. Sitaraman,Rob Knight,Ruth E. Ley,Andrew T. Gewirtz +9 more
TL;DR: Results support the emerging view that the gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease and suggest that malfunction of the innate immune system may promote the development of metabolic syndrome.
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NF-κB, inflammation, and metabolic disease.
TL;DR: It is now widely appreciated that chronic low-grade inflammation plays a key role in the initiation, propagation, and development of metabolic diseases, and numerous recent studies have implicated the transcription factor NF-κB in the development of such diseases, thereby further establishing inflammation as a critical factor in their etiology.
References
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TL;DR: Some of the most recent concepts how MDSC expressing arginase I may regulate T‐cell function in cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases are discussed and possible therapeutic interventions to overcome this inhibitory effect are suggested.
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Opposing Effects of Retinoic Acid on Cell Growth Result from Alternate Activation of Two Different Nuclear Receptors
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TL;DR: It is shown that, in addition to functioning through RAR, RA activates the "orphan" nuclear receptor PPARbeta/delta, which, in turn, induces the expression of prosurvival genes and opposing effects of RA on cell growth emanate from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors.
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Jing Deng,Phoebe D. Lu,Yuhong Zhang,Donalyn Scheuner,Randal J. Kaufman,Nahum Sonenberg,Heather P. Harding,David Ron +7 more
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LXR Signaling Couples Sterol Metabolism to Proliferation in the Acquired Immune Response
Steven J. Bensinger,Michelle N. Bradley,Sean B. Joseph,Noam Zelcer,Edith M. Janssen,Mary Ann Hausner,Roger Shih,John S. Parks,Peter A. Edwards,Beth D. Jamieson,Peter Tontonoz +10 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cellular cholesterol levels in dividing T cells are maintained in part through reciprocal regulation of the LXR and SREBP transcriptional programs, and implicate LXR signaling in a metabolic checkpoint that modulates cell proliferation and immunity.