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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases.

Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, +1 more
- 01 Dec 2008 - 
- Vol. 8, Iss: 12, pp 923-934
TLDR
This Review provides an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discusses how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.
Abstract
The proper functioning of the pathways that are involved in the sensing and management of nutrients is central to metabolic homeostasis and is therefore among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily conserved. This close functional and molecular integration of the immune and metabolic systems is emerging as a crucial homeostatic mechanism, the dysfunction of which underlies many chronic metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. In this Review we provide an overview of several important networks that sense and manage nutrients and discuss how they integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states in the body.

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Citations
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Inflammasome is a central player in the induction of obesity and insulin resistance

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that mice deficient in Nlrp3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1 were resistant to the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity, which correlated with protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance, and inhibition of the inflammasome is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages.

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Targeting inflammation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: time to start

TL;DR: Future immunomodulatory treatments may not target a specific disease, but could instead act on a dysfunctional pathway that causes several conditions associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis

TL;DR: It is reported that gut microbiota modulate the intestinal eCB system tone, which in turn regulates gut permeability and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, and shows that LPS acts as a master switch to control adipose tissue metabolism both in vivo and ex vivo by blocking cannabinoid‐driven adipogenesis.
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Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

TL;DR: π-3 FAs prevented NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammation and metabolic disorder in a high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes model and suggest the potential clinical use of ω-3 FAs in gout, autoinflammatory syndromes, or other NLRP-driven inflammatory diseases.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest

TL;DR: It is demonstrated through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that changes in the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota and indicates that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet.
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Inflammation and metabolic disorders

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Journal ArticleDOI

Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance

TL;DR: A role for TNF-alpha in obesity and particularly in the insulin resistance and diabetes that often accompany obesity is indicated.
Journal ArticleDOI

Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance.

TL;DR: It is proposed that obesity-related insulin resistance is, at least in part, a chronic inflammatory disease initiated in adipose tissue, and that macrophage-related inflammatory activities may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI

Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

TL;DR: Together, at least three mechanistically distinct arms of the UPR regulate the expression of numerous genes that function within the secretory pathway but also affect broad aspects of cell fate and the metabolism of proteins, amino acids and lipids.
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