Journal ArticleDOI
Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor
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TLDR
A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled and exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.Abstract:
A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 x 10 12 per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Observation of Fermi pressure in a gas of trapped atoms.
TL;DR: The attainment of simultaneous quantum degeneracy in a mixed gas of bosons (lithium-7) and fermions (lithsium-6) is reported and gives clear experimental evidence forquantum degeneracy.
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Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity
TL;DR: The observation of a Bose–Einstein condensate of photons is reported, formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons, in a dye-filled optical microcavity which acts as a ‘white-wall’ box.
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Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen
Dale G. Fried,Thomas Killian,Lorenz Willmann,David Landhuis,Stephen Moss,Daniel Kleppner,Thomas J. Greytak +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a Bose-Einstein condensate of atomic hydrogen has been observed at a temperature of 50 μK and a density of 2×1014 cm-3.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bose–Einstein condensation on a microelectronic chip
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the formation of a condensate can be greatly simplified using a microscopic magnetic trap on a chip, and the possibility of manipulating laser-like coherent matter waves with such an integrated atom-optical system holds promise for applications in interferometry, holography, microscopy, atom lithography and quantum information processing.
Journal ArticleDOI
Probable observation of a supersolid helium phase
Eunseong Kim,M. H. W. Chan +1 more
TL;DR: Torsional oscillator measurements on solid helium confined in a porous medium find an abrupt drop in the rotational inertia of the confined solid below a certain critical temperature and show that all three states of matter—gas, liquid and solid—can undergo Bose–Einstein condensation.
References
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Proceedings Article
Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms
TL;DR: The striking signature of Bose condensation was the sudden appearance of a bimodal velocity distribution below the critical temperature of ~2µK.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trapping of neutral sodium atoms with radiation pressure
TL;DR: The confinement and cooling of an optically dense cloud of neutral sodium atoms by radiation pressure was reported, provided by three retroreflected laser beams propagating along orthogonal axes, with a weak magnetic field used to distinguish between the beams.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe how the Phasenraum eines Lichtquants in bezug auf ein gegebenes Volumen wird in „Zellen“ von der Grose h3 aufgeteilt, i.e., the Zahl der moglichen Verteilungen der Lichtquanten einer makroskopisch definierten Strahlung unter diese Zellen liefert die Entropie.
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Observation of atoms laser cooled below the Doppler limit
Paul D. Lett,Richard N. Watts,Christoph I Westbrook,William D. Phillips,Phillip L. Gould,Harold Metcalf +5 more
TL;DR: This "Doppler cooling limit" results from the minimization of the detuning-dependent temperature at low laser power1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Output Coupler for Bose-Einstein Condensed Atoms
TL;DR: In this paper, an output coupler for Bose condensed atoms in a magnetic trap was demonstrated, where short pulses of rf radiation were used to create Bose condensates in a superposition of trapped and untrapped hyperfine states.