Showing papers on "Blood serum published in 2014"
TL;DR: The ability of ExoChip to recover exosomes with intact RNA enabling profiling of exosomal-microRNAs through openarray analysis, which has potential applications in biomarker discovery.
Abstract: Membrane bound vesicles, including microvesicles and exosomes, are secreted by both normal and cancerous cells into the extracellular space and in blood circulation. These circulating extracellular vesicles (cirEVs) and exosomes in particular are recognized as a potential source of disease biomarkers. However, to exploit the use of circulatory exosomes as a biomarker, a rapid, high-throughput and reproducible method is required for their isolation and molecular analysis. We have developed a simple, low cost microfluidic-based platform to isolate cirEVs enriched in exosomes directly from blood serum allowing simultaneous capture and quantification of exosomes in a single device. To capture specific exosomes, we employed “ExoChip”, a microfluidic device fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and functionalized with antibodies against CD63, an antigen commonly overexpressed in exosomes. Subsequent staining with a fluorescent carbocyanine dye (DiO) that specifically labels the exosomes, we quantitated exosomes using a standard plate-reader. Ten independent ExoChip experiments performed using serum obtained from five pancreatic cancer patients and five healthy individuals revealed a statistically significant increase (2.34 ± 0.31 fold, p < 0.001) in exosomes captured in cancer patients when compared to healthy individuals. Exosomal origins of ExoChip immobilized vesicles were further confirmed using immuno-electron-microscopy and Western blotting. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of ExoChip to recover exosomes with intact RNA enabling profiling of exosomal-microRNAs through openarray analysis, which has potential applications in biomarker discovery. Based on our findings, ExoChip is a well suited platform to be used as an exosome-based diagnostic and research tool for molecular screening of human cancers.
491 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that exosomes isolated from sera of chronic HCV infected patients or supernatants of J6/JFH1-HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells contained HCV RNA, and exosome-loading with a miR-122 inhibitor, or inhibition of HSP90, vacuolar H+-ATPases, and proton pumps significantly suppressed exOSome-mediated HCV transmission to naïve cells.
Abstract: Antibodies targeting receptor-mediated entry of HCV into hepatocytes confer limited therapeutic benefits. Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic materials between cells; however, their role in HCV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that exosomes isolated from sera of chronic HCV infected patients or supernatants of J6/JFH1-HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells contained HCV RNA. These exosomes could mediate viral receptor-independent transmission of HCV to hepatocytes. Negative sense HCV RNA, indicative of replication competent viral RNA, was present in exosomes of all HCV infected treatment non-responders and some treatment-naive individuals. Remarkably, HCV RNA was associated with Ago2, HSP90 and miR-122 in exosomes isolated from HCV-infected individuals or HCV-infected Huh7.5 cell supernatants. Exosome-loading with a miR-122 inhibitor, or inhibition of HSP90, vacuolar H+-ATPases, and proton pumps, significantly suppressed exosome-mediated HCV transmission to naive cells. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence for HCV transmission by blood-derived exosomes and highlight potential therapeutic strategies.
340 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that serum levels of exosomal miR-373 are linked to triple negative and more aggressive breast carcinomas.
Abstract: In this study, we compared the blood serum levels of circulating cell-free and exosomal microRNAs, and their involvement in the molecular subtypes of breast cancer patients. Our analyses on cell-free miR-101, miR-372 and miR-373 were performed in preoperative blood serum of 168 patients with invasive breast cancer, 19 patients with benign breast diseases and 28 healthy women. MicroRNAs were additionally quantified in exosomes of 50 cancer patients and 12 healthy women from the same cohort. Relative concentrations were measured by quantitative TaqMan MicroRNA assays and correlated to clinicopathological risk factors. The concentrations of cell-free miR-101 (p=0.013) and miR-373 (p=0.024) were significantly different between patients with breast cancer and benign tumors. A prevalence of miR-101, miR-372 and miR-373 were found in exosomes. The levels of circulating exosomal (but not cell-free) miR-373 were higher in triple negative than luminal carcinomas (p=0.027). Also, estrogen-negative (p=0.021) and progesterone-negative (p=0.01) tumors displayed higher concentrations of exosomal miR-373 than patients with hormone-receptor positive tumors. Overexpression of miR-373 by transfection of MCF-7 cells showed downregulated protein expression of the estrogen receptor, and inhibition of apoptosis induced by camptothecin. Our data indicate that serum levels of exosomal miR-373 are linked to triple negative and more aggressive breast carcinomas.
294 citations
TL;DR: The strategies for isolation of exosomes from human blood serum and urine, characterization of their RNA cargo by sequencing, and the initial data on exosome labelling and uptake tracing in a cell culture model are described.
Abstract: Exosomes are tiny vesicles (30–150 nm) constantly secreted by all healthy and abnormal cells, and found in abundance in all body fluids. These vesicles, loaded with unique RNA and protein cargo, have a wide range of biological functions, including cell-to-cell communication and signalling. As such, exosomes hold tremendous potential as biomarkers and could lead to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies within the next few years. Here, we describe the strategies for isolation of exosomes from human blood serum and urine, characterization of their RNA cargo by sequencing, and present the initial data on exosome labelling and uptake tracing in a cell culture model. The value of exosomes for clinical applications is discussed with an emphasis on their potential for diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer.
274 citations
TL;DR: Differences found in miRNA patterns between the two methods indicate that the observed exosomal miRNA profile is slightly affected by the extracellular vesicle isolation method.
273 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a computational investigation of the interaction of DBDs in humid air with a thin water layer covering tissue is presented. But the results are sensitive to the thickness of the water layer.
Abstract: The interaction of plasmas with liquids is of increasing importance in biomedical applications. Tissues treated by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) in plasma medicine are often covered by a thin layer of liquid, typically a blood serum like water with dissolved gases and proteins up to hundreds of micrometres thick. The liquid processes the plasma-produced radicals and ions prior to their reaching the tissue. In this paper, we report on a computational investigation of the interaction of DBDs in humid air with a thin water layer covering tissue. The water layer, 50–400 µm thick, contains dissolved O2aq (aq means an aqueous species) and alkane-like hydrocarbons (RHaq). In the model, the DBDs are operated with multiple pulses at 100 Hz followed by a 1 s afterglow. Gas phase reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) intersect the water-vapour saturated air above the liquid and then solvate when reaching the water. The photolysis of water by plasma-produced UV/VUV plays a significant role in the production of radicals. Without RHaq ,O − , ONOO − ,N O − and hydronium (H3O +) dominate the water ions with H3O + determining the pH. The dominant RONS in the liquid are O3aq ,H 2O2aq, and HNOxaq. Dissolved O2aq assists the production of HNO3aq and HOONOaq during the afterglow. With RHaq, reactive oxygen species are largely consumed, leaving an R·aq (alkyl radical) to reach the tissue. These results are sensitive to the thickness of the water layer.
254 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that in adolescent male c57BL/6 mice, social defeat stress induces a depression- and anxiety-like phenotype 24 h after the last episode of stress, which suggests that the social defeat paradigm may be used to examine the etiology of stress-induced mood-related disorders during adolescence.
Abstract: Exposure to stress is highly correlated with the emergence of mood-related illnesses. Because major depressive disorder often emerges in adolescence, we assessed the effects of social defeat stress on responses to depressive-like behaviors in juvenile mice. To do this, postnatal day (PD) 35 male c57BL/6 mice were exposed to 10 days of social defeat stress (PD35-44), while control mice were handled daily. Twenty-four hours after the last episode of defeat (PD45), separate groups of mice were tested in the social interaction, forced swimming, sucrose preference, and elevated plus-maze behavioral assays (n = 7–12 per group). Also, we examined body weight gain across days of social defeat and levels of blood serum corticosterone 40 min after the last episode of defeat stress. Our data indicates that defeated mice exhibited a depressive-like phenotype as inferred from increased social avoidance, increased immobility in the forced swim test, and reduced sucrose preference (a measure of anhedonia), when ...
188 citations
TL;DR: The first epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) between DNA methylation and metabolic traits (metabotypes) in human blood and several groups of CpG loci that associate with a same metabotype are identified, suggesting thatDNA methylation plays an important role in regulating human metabolism.
Abstract: Previously, we reported strong influences of genetic variants on metabolic phenotypes, some of them with clinical relevance. Here, we hypothesize that DNA methylation may have an important and potentially independent effect on human metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we conducted what is to the best of our knowledge the first epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) between DNA methylation and metabolic traits (metabotypes) in human blood. We assess 649 blood metabolic traits from 1814 participants of the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) population study for association with methylation of 457 004 CpG sites, determined on the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip platform. Using the EWAS approach, we identified two types of methylome-metabotype associations. One type is driven by an underlying genetic effect; the other type is independent of genetic variation and potentially driven by common environmental and life-style-dependent factors. We report eight CpG loci at genome-wide significance that have a genetic variant as confounder (P = 3.9 × 10(-20) to 2.0 × 10(-108), r(2) = 0.036 to 0.221). Seven loci display CpG site-specific associations to metabotypes, but do not exhibit any underlying genetic signals (P = 9.2 × 10(-14) to 2.7 × 10(-27), r(2) = 0.008 to 0.107). We further identify several groups of CpG loci that associate with a same metabotype, such as 4-vinylphenol sulfate and 4-androsten-3-beta,17-beta-diol disulfate. In these cases, the association between CpG-methylation and metabotype is likely the result of a common external environmental factor, including smoking. Our study shows that analysis of EWAS with large numbers of metabolic traits in large population cohorts are, in principle, feasible. Taken together, our data suggest that DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating human metabolism.
174 citations
TL;DR: The fastest bioorthogonal reaction reported to date [k2 3,300,000 (+/- 40,000) M-1s-1 in H2O at 25 °C] is described herein with a cyclopropane-fused trans-cyclooctene.
Abstract: Computation has guided the design of conformationally-strained dioxolane-fused trans-cyclooctene (d-TCO) derivatives that display excellent reactivity in the tetrazine ligation. A water soluble derivative of 3,6-dipyridyl-s-tetrazine reacts with d-TCO with a second order rate k2 366,000 (+/- 15,000) M-1s-1 at 25 °C in pure water. Furthermore, d-TCO derivatives can be prepared easily, are accessed through diastereoselective synthesis, and are typically crystalline bench-stable solids that are stable in aqueous solution, blood serum, or in the presence of thiols in buffered solution. GFP with a genetically encoded tetrazine-containing amino acid was site-specifically labelled in vivo by a d-TCO derivative. The fastest bioorthogonal reaction reported to date [k2 3,300,000 (+/- 40,000) M-1s-1 in H2O at 25 °C] is described herein with a cyclopropane-fused trans-cyclooctene. d-TCO derivatives display rates within an order of magnitude of these fastest trans-cyclooctene reagents, and also display enhanced stability and aqueous solubility.
159 citations
TL;DR: A simple strategy for simultaneous determination of tyrosine (Tyr), acetaminophen (AC) and ascorbic acid (AA) based on gold nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNPs/MWCNT/GCE) is reported in this paper.
Abstract: A simple strategy for simultaneous determination of tyrosine (Tyr), acetaminophen (AC) and ascorbic acid (AA) based on gold nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNPs/MWCNT/GCE) is reported. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to characterize the performance and microstructure of the sensor. The AuNPs/MWCNT/GCE displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities. The oxidation overpotentials of Tyr, AC and AA decreased significantly and their oxidation peak currents increased dramatically at AuNPs/MWCNT/GCE.DPV was used for the simultaneous determination of Tyr, AC and AA in their ternary mixture. Under the optimized experimental conditions Tyr, AC and AA give linear response over the range of 0.4–80.0 μmol L −1 , 0.09–35.0 μmol L −1 and 1.0–150.0 μmol L −1 , respectively. The lower detection limits were found to be 0.21 for Tyr, 0.03 for AC and 0.76 μmol L −1 for AA. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by measuring the concentration of Tyr, AC and AA in blood serum and pharmaceutical samples.
158 citations
TL;DR: These results offer an initial glimpse into immune modulation by IDO2, revealing its genetic interaction with IDO1 and distinguishing its non-redundant contributions to inflammation, and establishing a functional role for Ido2 in immune modulation.
Abstract: IDO2 is implicated in tryptophan catabolism and immunity but its physiological functions are not well established. Here we report the characterization of mice genetically deficient in IDO2, which develop normally but exhibit defects in IDO-mediated T-cell regulation and inflammatory responses. Construction of this strain was prompted in part by our discovery that IDO2 function is attenuated in macrophages from Ido1 −/− mice due to altered message splicing, generating a functional mosaic with implications for interpreting findings in Ido1 –/– mice. No apparent defects were observed in Ido2 –/– mice in embryonic development or hematopoietic differentiation, with wild-type profiles documented for kynurenine in blood serum and for immune cells in spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum, thymus and bone marrow of naive mice. In contrast, upon immune stimulation we determined that IDO1-dependent T regulatory cell generation was defective in Ido2 −/− mice, supporting Ido1–Ido2 genetic interaction and establishing a functional role for Ido2 in immune modulation. Pathophysiologically, both Ido1 −/− and Ido2 −/− mice displayed reduced skin contact hypersensitivity responses, but mechanistic distinctions were apparent, with only Ido2 deficiency associated with a suppression of immune regulatory cytokines that included GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1/CCL2. Different contributions to inflammation were likewise indicated by the finding that Ido2 −/− mice did not phenocopy Ido1 −/− mice in the reduced susceptibility of the latter to inflammatory skin cancer. Taken together, our results offer an initial glimpse into immune modulation by IDO2, revealing its genetic interaction with IDO1 and distinguishing its non-redundant contributions to inflammation.
TL;DR: Most bands observed in SERS spectra of these biofluids are assigned to uric acid, a metabolite whose blood concentration depends on factors such as sex, age, therapeutic treatments, and various pathological conditions, suggesting that, even when the right experimental conditions are chosen, great care must be taken in designing studies with the purpose of developing diagnostic tests.
Abstract: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a good candidate for the development of fast and easy-to-use diagnostic tools, possibly used on biofluids in point-of-care or screening tests. In particular, label-free SERS spectra of blood serum and plasma, two biofluids widely used in diagnostics, could be used as a metabolic fingerprinting approach for biomarker discovery. This study aims at a systematic evaluation of SERS spectra of blood serum and plasma, using various Ag and Au aqueous colloids, as SERS substrates, in combination with three excitation lasers of different wavelengths, ranging from the visible to the near-infrared. The analysis of the SERS spectra collected from 20 healthy subjects under a variety of experimental conditions revealed that intense and repeatable spectra are quickly obtained only if proteins are filtered out from samples, and an excitation in the near-infrared is used in combination with Ag colloids. Moreover, common plasma anticoagulants such as EDTA and citrate are found to interfere with SERS spectra; accordingly, filtered serum or heparin plasma are the samples of choice, having identical SERS spectra. Most bands observed in SERS spectra of these biofluids are assigned to uric acid, a metabolite whose blood concentration depends on factors such as sex, age, therapeutic treatments, and various pathological conditions, suggesting that, even when the right experimental conditions are chosen, great care must be taken in designing studies with the purpose of developing diagnostic tests.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the power of a self-assembled small molecular fluorophore for protein sensing and is a simple chemical tool for the clinical diagnosis of blood serum.
Abstract: Design of selective sensors for a specific analyte in blood serum, which contains a large number of proteins, small molecules, and ions, is important in clinical diagnostics. While metal and polymeric nanoparticle conjugates have been used as sensors, small molecular assemblies have rarely been exploited for the selective sensing of a protein in blood serum. Herein we demonstrate how a nonspecific small molecular fluorescent dye can be empowered to form a selective protein sensor as illustrated with a thiol-sensitive near-IR squaraine (Sq) dye (λabs= 670 nm, λem= 700 nm). The dye self-assembles to form nonfluorescent nanoparticles (Dh = 200 nm) which selectively respond to human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of other thiol-containing molecules and proteins by triggering a green fluorescence. This selective response of the dye nanoparticles allowed detection and quantification of HSA in blood serum with a sensitivity limit of 3 nM. Notably, the Sq dye in solution state is nonselective and responds to...
TL;DR: Seminal plasma has great potential as a proximal fluid for protein biomarker discovery and as a clinical sample for noninvasive diagnostics and has the potential to complement other diagnostic tools available in urology clinics.
Abstract: Molecular biomarkers hold promise to advance the noninvasive diagnosis of male reproductive system disorders and facilitate the identification and management of these conditions through screening, early diagnosis and more accurate prognosis. Seminal plasma has great potential as a proximal fluid for protein biomarker discovery and as a clinical sample for noninvasive diagnostics. The seminal plasma proteome contains thousands of proteins and includes a large number of tissue-specific proteins that might accurately indicate a pathological process in the tissue of origin. Potential protein biomarkers for male reproductive system disorders are more abundant in seminal plasma than in blood serum or urine, and, therefore, are more easily identified and quantified in semen by mass spectrometry and other techniques. These methods have enabled elaboration of the composition of the seminal plasma proteome and the tissue specificity of seminal plasma proteins. Strategies have been developed to discover protein biomarkers in seminal plasma through integrated 'omics' approaches. Biomarkers of male infertility and prostate cancer are now emerging, and it is evident that seminal plasma has the potential to complement other diagnostic tools available in urology clinics.
TL;DR: Inhalation of CMS is an effective means of targeting CMS and formed colistin for delivery to the lungs, as high lung exposure and minimal systemic exposure were achieved in CF subjects.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to define the pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and formed colistin following intravenous (i.v.) and inhaled administration in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Six CF subjects were administered nebulized CMS doses of 2 and 4 million IU and an i.v. CMS infusion of 150 mg of colistin base activity. Blood plasma, sputum, and urine samples were collected for 12 to 24 h postdose. To assess the tolerability of the drug, lung function tests, blood serum creatinine concentrations, and adverse effect reports were recorded. All doses were well tolerated in the subjects. The pharmacokinetic parameters for CMS following i.v. delivery were consistent with previously reported values. Sputum concentrations of formed colistin were maintained at <1.0 mg/liter for 12 h postdose. Nebulization of CMS resulted in relatively high sputum concentrations of CMS and formed colistin compared to those resulting from i.v. administration. The systemic availability of CMS was low following nebulization of 2 and 4 million IU (7.93% ± 4.26% and 5.37% ± 1.36%, respectively), and the plasma colistin concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Less than 2 to 3% of the nebulized CMS dose was recovered in the urine samples in 24 h. The therapeutic availability and drug targeting index for CMS and colistin following inhalation compared to i.v. delivery were significantly greater than 1. Inhalation of CMS is an effective means of targeting CMS and formed colistin for delivery to the lungs, as high lung exposure and minimal systemic exposure were achieved in CF subjects.
TL;DR: The role of Urease in the virulence of some bacterial pathogens is well established; however, more recent studies are beginning to highlight the function of urease during human fungal infections, suggesting that this enzyme has a wide role during microbial infection.
Abstract: Urea is generated in humans following the breakdown of amino acids and is evenly distributed throughout the body, including in the central nervous system, subcutaneous adipose tissue, blood serum, and epithelial lining fluid [1], [2]. Various pathogenic microbes are able to utilise urea as a nitrogen source through the activity of the enzyme urease that converts urea into ammonia and carbamic acid, with the spontaneous hydrolysis of carbamic acid to carbonic acid generating a further ammonia molecule.
CH4N2O+H2O→NH3+CH3NO2
CH3NO2+H2O→NH3+H2CO3
Under physiological conditions the proton of carbonic acid dissociates, and the ammonia molecules become protonated to form ammonium, causing an increase in local pH that can interfere with host function. The role of urease in the virulence of some bacterial pathogens is well established; however, more recent studies are beginning to highlight the function of urease during human fungal infections, suggesting that this enzyme has a wide role during microbial infection.
TL;DR: This study characterized CD81(+) and CD63(+) subpopulations of exosomes in terms of these surface markers after release from various types of B-cell lymphoma cell lines using an easy and reliable method of immunomagnetic separation.
TL;DR: A new generation of E-DNA sensor for the sensitive and specific detection of microRNAs is demonstrated, which can sensitively detect microRNA target (microRNA-141) as low as 1 fM.
Abstract: Because of the short size and low abundance of microRNAs, it is challenging to develop fast, inexpensive, and simple biosensors to detect them. In this work, we have demonstrated a new generation (the third generation) of E-DNA sensor for the sensitive and specific detection of microRNAs. Our third generation of E-DNA sensor can sensitively detect microRNA target (microRNA-141) as low as 1 fM. The excellent specificity has been demonstrated by its differential ability to the highly similar microRNA analogues. In our design, the use of DNA tetrahedron ensures the stem-loop structure in well controlled density with improved reactivity. The regulation of the thermodynamic stability of the stem-loop structure decreases the background signal and increases the specificity as well. The enzymes attached bring the electrocatalytic signal to amplify the detection. The combination of these effects improves the sensitivity of the E-DNA sensor and makes it suitable to the microRNA detection. Finally, our third generation of E-DNA sensor is generalizable to the detection of other micro RNA targets (for example, microRNA-21).
TL;DR: Although dual RAAS blockade further reduces albuminuria by 25% to 30% compared with monotherapy, it has failed to show a benefit on CKD progression or cardiovascular outcome, and thus is not indicated in such patients because of its marked increase in hyperkalemia potential.
TL;DR: The dental profession is adjusting their recommendations for fluoride use based on current observations of the halo effect and subsequent outcomes thus reducing dental caries and lowering the amount of fluoride required for efficacy.
TL;DR: Results from this exploratory study indicate that downregulated levels of specific circulating serum miRNAs are associated with PD and suggest their potential use as noninvasive biomarkers for PD.
Abstract: Blood-cell-free circulating micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as potential accessible biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we analyzed the serum levels of 377 miRNAs in a discovery set of 10 idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients, 10 PD patients carriers of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation (LRRK2 PD), and 10 controls by using real-time quantitative PCR-based TaqMan MicroRNA arrays. We detected candidate differentially expressed miRNAs, which were further tested in a first validation set consisting of 20 IPD, 20 LRRK2 PD, and 20 control samples. We found four statistically significant miRNAs that were downregulated in either LRRK2 or IPD (miR-29a, miR-29c, miR-19a, and miR-19b). Subsequently, we validated these findings in a third set of samples consisting of 65 IPD and 65 controls and confirmed the association of downregulated levels of miR-29c, miR-29a, and miR-19b in IPD. Differentially expressed miRNAs are predicted to target genes belonging to pathways related to ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, MAPK, Wnt, mTOR, adipocytokine, and neuron projection. Results from our exploratory study indicate that downregulated levels of specific circulating serum miRNAs are associated with PD and suggest their potential use as noninvasive biomarkers for PD. Future studies should further confirm the association of these miRNAs with PD.
TL;DR: In this article, a screen printed three electrode (SPE) was used for the testing of glucose in blood serum and the results obtained were comparable with other standard test methods, but the sensor was highly selective to glucose in the presence of commonly interfering species.
Abstract: Platinum nanocubes and copper oxide nanoflowers decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) obtained by one step chemical process. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms that CuO in monoclinic form and Pt in cubic crystal form. Pt-CuO/rGO nanocomposite dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was drop casted onto the working electrode of an indigenously fabricated screen printed three electrode system. Oxidation of glucose on the Pt-CuO/rGO nanocomposite modified screen printed electrode (SPE) was occurred at +0.35 V. The sensor showed a limit of detection 0.01 μM (S/N = 3) and very high sensitivity of 3577 μA mM−1 cm−2 with linear response upto 12 mM. The sensor was highly selective to glucose in the presence of commonly interfering species like ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and acetaminophen. The sensor was employed for the testing of glucose in blood serum and the results obtained were comparable with other standard test methods.
TL;DR: The hepatitis E can present a wide range of symptoms, from a subclinical case to chronic liver disease with extrahepatic manifestations, and the diagnostic is challenging if no differential diagnosis is included.
TL;DR: The nutritional value of soy protein can be improved by enzymatic modification into hydrolysates (SPH), which provide an alternative ingredient for replacing fishmeal protein (FMP) in feed by assessed the feasibility of replacing FMP with SPH in diet for juvenile starry flounder.
TL;DR: This review aims to evaluate different biosensing techniques and their working principles in order to accurately, quickly and practically detect antibiotics in chicken muscle and blood serum.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate a promising antifouling surface using extremely hydrophilic HA as matrix to resist nonspecific adsorption from complex media in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors.
Abstract: Antifouling surfaces capable of reducing nonspecific protein adsorption from natural complex media are highly desirable in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. A new protein-resistant surface made through the chemical grafting of easily available hyaluronic acid (HA) onto gold (Au) substrate demonstrates excellent antifouling performance against protein adsorption. AFM images showed the uniform HA layer with a thickness of ∼10.5 nm on the Au surface. The water contact angles of Au surfaces decreased from 103° to 12° with the covalent attachment of a carboxylated HA matrix, indicating its high hydrophilicity mainly resulted from carboxyl and amide groups in the HA chains. Using SPR spectroscopy to investigate nonspecific adsorption from single protein solutions (bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme) and complex media (soybean milk, cow milk, orange juice) to an HA matrix, it was found that ultralow or low protein adsorptions of 0.6-16.1 ng/cm(2) (e.g., soybean milk: 0.6 ng/cm(2)) were achieved on HA-Au surfaces. Moreover, anti-BSA was chosen as a model recognition molecule to characterize the immobilization capacity and the antifouling performance of anti-BSA/HA surfaces. The results showed that anti-BSA/HA sensor surfaces have a high anti-BSA loading of 780 ng/cm(2), together with achieving the ultralow (<3 ng/cm(2) for lysozyme and soybean milk) or low (<17 ng/cm(2) for cow milk and 10% blood serum) protein adsorptions. Additionally, the sensor chips also exhibited a high sensitivity to BSA over a wide range of concentrations from 15 to 700 nM. Our results demonstrate a promising antifouling surface using extremely hydrophilic HA as matrix to resist nonspecific adsorption from complex media in SPR biosensors.
TL;DR: This review addresses the advances and challenges in determining genetic and diagnostic markers for complex AD pathogenesis and shows that circulating microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum of AD patients can be used as biomarkers in AD diagnosis.
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation using red seaweed inclusions can act as a potential prebiotic to improve performance, egg quality, and overall gut health in layer hens.
TL;DR: A fluorescence quenching based non-enzymatic method for sensitive and reliable detection of free bilirubin in blood serum samples using human serum albumin ( HSA) stabilized gold nanoclusters (HSA-AuNCs) as fluorescent probe.
TL;DR: In this article, protein concentrates (MPCs) were manufactured from skim milk at pilot scale by ultrafiltration, or ultra-filtration and diafiltration to different protein concentration factors.