Southern Illinois University Carbondale

About: Southern Illinois University Carbondale is a education organization based out in Carbondale, Illinois, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13570 authors who have published 24819 publications receiving 667385 citations. The organization is also known as: SIU Carbondale & SIUC.

Health and condition in fish: the influence of lipids on membrane competency and immune response

Abstract: Traditionally fisheries biologists have used various metrics to indicate the condition and, by implication, health of fish. These indices are usually based on relationships between length and weight (Anderson and Neumann 1996). Although such metrics can, under some circumstances, provide a quick estimate of a fish’s condition, their ability to shed light on the underlying cause-and-effect relationship(s) governing a fish’s health and nutritional status are limited. Biochemical measures (e.g. lipids including fatty acids (FA) and sterols, proteins and their constituent amino acids, and trace elements) offer complimentary measures to assess, in a more specific way, the condition and underlying health of fish. Fatty acids and other lipids affect the health of fish in many ways; including, but not limited to, their effects on growth, reproduction, behavior, vision, osmoregularity, membrane fluidity (thermal adaptation), and immune response. In this review, we focus on the latter two roles that lipids play in mediating the health and condition of fish.

Police Relations with Black and White Youths in Different Urban Neighborhoods

Abstract: Much of the research on police—citizen relations has focused on adults, not youth. Given that adolescents and particularly young males are more likely than adults to have involuntary and adversarial contacts with police officers, it is especially important to investigate their experiences with and perceptions of the police. This article examines the accounts of young Black and White males who reside in one of three disadvantaged St. Louis, Missouri, neighborhoods— one predominantly Black, one predominantly White, and the other racially mixed. In-depth interviews were conducted with the youths, and the authors' analysis centers on the ways in which both race and neighborhood context influence young males' orientations toward the police.

On the role of melatonin in skin physiology and pathology

Abstract: Melatonin has been experimentally implicated in skin functions such as hair growth cycling, fur pigmentation, and melanoma control, and melatonin receptors are expressed in several skin cells including normal and malignant keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. Melatonin is also able to suppress ultraviolet (U)-induced damage to skin cells and shows strong antioxidant activity in Uexposed cells. Moreover, we recently uncovered expression in the skin of the biochemical machinery involved in the sequential transformation of l-tryptophan to serotonin and melatonin. Existence of the biosynthetic pathway was confirmed by detection of the corresponding genes and proteins with actual demonstration of enzymatic activities for tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin N-acetyl-transferase, and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in extracts from skin and skin cells. Initial evidence for in vivo synthesis of melatonin and its metabolism was obtained in hamster skin organ culture and in one melanoma line. Therefore, we propose that melatonin (synthesized locally or delivered topically)could counteract or buffer external (environmental)or internal stresses to preserve the biological integrity of the organ and to maintain its homeostasis. Furthermore, melatonin could have a role in protection against solar radiation or even in the management of skin diseases.

DFT Study of CO2 Adsorption and Hydrogenation on the In2O3 Surface

Abstract: Catalytic conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels or valuable chemicals is an attractive alternative to geological sequestration. In the present study, we applied density functional theory slab calculations in the investigation of the adsorption and hydrogenation of CO2 on the (110) surface of In2O3. Our results indicate that the adsorbed CO2 is activated, forming a surface carbonate species by combining with surface oxygen, and has an adsorption energy of −1.25 eV. Heterolytic dissociative adsorption of H2 results in a surface hydroxyl from H binding the surface O site and a hydride from H binding the In site. The migration of H from the In site to the neighboring O site is energetically favorable but has a significant activation barrier of 1.32 eV. Water may adsorb on the surface either molecularly or dissociatively, with adsorption energy of −0.83 eV and −1.19 eV, respectively. Starting from CO2 coadsorbed with the H adatoms on the In2O3 surface, we examined two possible conversion pathways for CO2: (a) CO2 ...