Southern Illinois University Carbondale

About: Southern Illinois University Carbondale is a education organization based out in Carbondale, Illinois, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13570 authors who have published 24819 publications receiving 667385 citations. The organization is also known as: SIU Carbondale & SIUC.

Dominance Relationships and Agonistic Behavior of Canada Geese in Winter

Abstract: The dominance relationships and associated agonistic postures of Canada geese were studied during the winters 1963-64 and 1964-65 by observation of the behavior of radio-and color-marked families and individuals living in a large, wild flock in southern Illinois. Part I I. Behavior was not significantly altered by color-marking and attachment of trausmitters. 2. Hostile encounters occurred during almost all activities. They varied widely in frequency and intensity and were especially associated with feeding. 3. Success in hostile encounters was directly related to family size, i.e., large family> smaller family > pair > single. 4. Unified action by all members of a family occurred in 8.5 percent of victories and T5 percent of defeats. 5. All members of a family shared equal dominance status but the success of a family in the rank order was most dependent upon the gander. 6. Only once in 26 fights between unmarked family ganders did the gander of the largest family lose. 7. Dominance position of family individuals decreased immediately upon separation and increased upon reunification of family members. 8. Large families were engaged in significantly more conflicts per unit time than were singles, pairs, and small families. 9. Exceptions to the usual dominance hierarchy occurred after pairs were newly formed. The gander of a newly formed pair could dominate family ganders. 10. Intrafamily aggression was rare and of low intensity. 11. Fights rarely occurred; threats and chases were common. 12. In some instances, rank orders based upon individual recognition could exist. However, stable rank orders in most large flocks appear to be based on recognition of different postures and levels of intensity of threat. 13. The dominance order of geese yields benefit in terms of food and space acquisition and freedom from defeat in aggressive encounters for the pairs and their young in direct relation to those most successful at raising a brood. Part II 1. Postures associated with attack or fleeing or simultaneous tendencies to do both are described. These include actual fleeing or attack, Submissive attitude, Erect, Head-pumping, Rolling, Bent-neck, and Forward postures. 2. The Submissive attitude is exhibited mostly by single geese and probably results from the conflicting tendency to approach (but not attack) and flee from other geese at the same time. This posture functions to identify single geese, allow approach, habituation, and ultimately pair formation, and inhibits violent attack. 3. The Erect posture may take either the form of intention movements of escape or attack and represents an ambivalent motivation between these two tendencies. 4. Head-pumping contains alternating intention movements of attacking and fleeing and represents almost a perfect balance between these two tendencies but is of higher intensity and ritualization than the Erect position. 5. Rolling is a complex portion of the Triumph Ceremony but also serves as the most intense threat of Canada geese and is highly ritualized. The spatial relationships of a gander to his mate and family appear most important in motivating Rolling. Intrusion of another high ranking gander or family on those boundaries may result in violent attack. 6. Erect, Head-pumping, and Rolling serve as three different intensity threats which are recognized by other geese and serve to maintain and establish the rank order of geese without undue fighting. 7. Bent-neck and Forward postures may occasionally represent conflicting attack and flee tendencies but often appear to represent a conflict of attack and remain doing another activity such as feeding or preening. These postures serve to maintain and reinforce a rank order but are probably not very important in initial establishment of rank.

New Catalytic Materials from Amorphous Metal Alloys

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the new catalytic materials from amorphous metal alloys. Amorphous alloys can be produced with wide composition ranges not available in crystalline form, which permits the continuous control of their electronic properties. Their single-phase character and possible lack of surface segregation of the alloying elements ensure thatthe active species are in a uniform dispersion in a chemically homogeneous environment. There are indications that they have a high concentration of coordinatively highly unsaturated sites that makes them easier to study and characterize than ordinary catalysts. Their structure is nonporous, so diffusion limitations, often a problem in traditional heterogeneous catalysis, do not affect the surface reaction. All these features make amorphous alloys attractive materials in heterogeneous catalytic studies. Also, metallic glasses are a kind of missing link in the study of the nature of active sites in catalysis. The common thread running through theories of active sites is the concept of a small cluster of atoms being responsible for catalytic activity. Because metallic glasses have no long-range order, they offer the opportunity to examine reactions requiring little cluster order in the absence of those requiring high order.

Laser diffraction determination of the crystalline structure of an electrorheological fluid.

Abstract: The electric-field-induced structures of small glass spheres in silicone oil produce laser diffraction patterns which verify, for the first time, the body-centered-tetragonal lattice structure predicted by theory. By n mechanism totally unlike that of conventionnl x-ray scattering, the incident laser beam propagates through the lattice of close-packed spheres via stable optic modes along regular arrays of transparent spheres, and then produces diffraction patterns after exiting from the lattice

Institutional and Student Factors and Their Influence on Advanced Mathematics Achievement.

Abstract: The author examined advanced mathematics achievement with 1,839 students from 162 schools. The data were obtained from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study Population 3 cohort; the author used hierarchical (multilevel) linear modeling to examine student- and school-level factors. Even within the advanced mathematics cohort, gender and economic disparities existed, but the magnitude of these disparities varied from school to school. Average parent education was observed to be associated with the magnitude of the coefficient for attitude toward mathematics on achievement. The more a student believed that success in mathematics was caused by natural ability, the higher the score on the test. Finally, resources, school size, and average parent education were significantly associated with school mean achievement in advanced mathematics.