Southern Illinois University Carbondale

About: Southern Illinois University Carbondale is a education organization based out in Carbondale, Illinois, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 13570 authors who have published 24819 publications receiving 667385 citations. The organization is also known as: SIU Carbondale & SIUC.

Citizen Perceptions of Police Services: Race, Neighborhood Context, and Community Policing

Abstract: Studies considering perceptions of the police have traditionally focused on very broad outcome measures (e.g., global views of the police). In an era of community policing, it is imperative to consider how the public perceives the police and police services using measures reflecting this alternative paradigm of policing. In addition, recent research suggests that perceptions of the police are formed within the context of respondents’neighborhood cultures and contexts. This research examines factors predicting citizen perceptions of police services in a Midwestern community, incorporating variables reflecting respondents’ demographic traits, experiences, and neighborhood contexts. The analysis tests the predictive power of these factors using both traditional outcome measures and perceptions of police services based on community-policing criteria. The findings demonstrate the need for multidimensional constructs of citizen perceptions of police services and highlight important dimensions of public percepti...

Organizational Decline and Adaptation: Theoretical Controversies

Abstract: In 1980, David Whetten published a seminal paper that urged organization scientists to revise their underlying assumptions of continuous organizational growth, and develop an agenda of research and teaching on organizational decline (Whetten 1980a). Since then, the organization science literature on decline has mushroomed. Some of this work has attempted to define the construct of organizational decline, using such definitions as maladaptation to the environment (Greenhalgh 1983), a downturn in organization size or performance (McKinley 1987), reductions in force (Ford 1980a), decrease in an organization's resource base (Cameron, Kim and Whetten 1987), and failure to anticipate and neutralize external threat (Weitzel and Jonsson 1989). Cameron, Sutton and Whetten (1988), Weitzel and Jonsson (1989), and Whetten (1980b, 1987) attempted to review and integrate the diverse literature on decline. Harrigan (1980), Sutton (1990), Sutton and D'Aunno (1989) and Zammuto and Cameron (1985) have developed theoretical models of decline in organizations, and still other research has reported on large-scale empirical studies of decline and its consequences (Cameron, Whetten and Kim 1987; D'Aveni 1989; Hambrick and D'Aveni 1988). Research on resource scarcity and its effects on organizations and their members is also closely related to organization decline (see discussion on "Necessity: The Mother of Rigidity or Invention?" later in this introduction). Brockner (1988), Brockner, Davy and Carter (1985), Brockner, Grover, Reed and DeWitt (1992), Brockner, Grover, Reed, DeWitt and O'Malley (1987), Cornfield (1983), Feldman and Leana (1989), Perry (1986) and Worrell, Davidson and Sharma (1991) have studied the many effects of layoffs, and the social and psychological processes that characterize organizational death have been investigated by Harris and Sutton (1986), and Sutton (1983, 1987). Since organizational death is not inevitable, and practitioners and scholars are both interested in how organizations can avoid it, a large literature on organizational turnaround has also developed (Bibeault 1982; Castrogiovanni, Baliga and Kidwell 1992; Grinyer, Mayes and McKiernan 1988; Hambrick and Schecter 1983; Hofer 1980; Hoffman 1989; Robbins and Pearce 1992; Schendel, Patton and Riggs 1976; Slatter 1984; Stopford and Baden-Fuller 1990). A common theme that threads through much of the related research on decline summarized above is how, and whether, organizations adapt to conditions of organizational decline. The literature relevant to the theme of organizational decline and adaptation has now matured to the point that several important theoretical controversies are becoming apparent. One controversy concerns a particular type of adaptation to organizational decline: organizational downsizing (Cameron, Freeman and Mishra 1991; Tomasko 1987). A second controversy involves the issue of whether organizational decline is usually an inhibitor or stimulus for adaptation. These two controversies form the framework for this focused issue, and for the introduction to the six papers that make up the issue.

Tilt-depth method: A simple depth estimation method using first-order magnetic derivatives

Abstract: Aeromagnetic data are routinely presented as contour or color-shaded maps of the total magnetic intensity (TMI). An interpreter's task is to identify features (anomalies) contained within the map and qualitatively and/or quantitatively interpret them into geologic structures at depth. If the map contains anomalies that have large magnetic intensities, the bodies might be considered to have large magnetizations, or to be at shallow depths. Small amplitude anomalies superimposed on these anomalies could be masked or even missed by an interpreter. Thus the task of the interpreter is to use the spectral content of the anomalies to try and resolve these ambiguities. Part of this process is also to obtain estimates of the depth and shape of the body causing the anomalies.

Theory Into Practice in Career Assessment for Women: Assessment and Interventions Regarding Perceived Career Barriers:

Abstract: This article discusses how theory may be translated into practice in assessing women's perceived career barriers. It describes a theoretical perspective that is useful in considering the construct of perceived barriers, namely, social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), and summarizes the empirical literature regarding barriers, with particular attention to practical applications of the evidence. It then discusses how counselors might assess women's perceived barriers during career counseling and possible counseling interventions to address clients' identified barriers.

Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium

Abstract: Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and a persistent natural carbon sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over the fate of peatland carbon in a changing climate. It is generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing a positive feedback to climate warming and contributing to the global positive carbon cycle feedback. Here we use a new extensive database of peat profiles across northern high latitudes to examine spatial and temporal patterns of carbon accumulation over the past millennium. Opposite to expectations, our results indicate a small negative carbon cycle feedback from past changes in the long-term accumulation rates of northern peatlands. Total carbon accumulated over the last 1000 yr is linearly related to contemporary growing season length and photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that variability in net primary productivity is more important than decomposition in determining long-term carbon accumulation. Furthermore, northern peatland carbon sequestration rate declined over the climate transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because of lower LIA temperatures combined with increased cloudiness suppressing net primary productivity. Other factors including changing moisture status, peatland distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw and methane emissions will also influence future peatland carbon cycle feedbacks, but our data suggest that the carbon sequestration rate could increase over many areas of northern peatlands in a warmer future.