Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers
Michael Roerecke,Jürgen Rehm +1 more
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Epidemiological evidence for a beneficial effect of low alcohol consumption without heavy drinking episodes is strong, corroborated by experimental evidence, however, episodic and chronic heavy drinking do not provide any beneficial effect on IHD.Abstract:
Alcohol consumption is a major global risk factor for mortality and morbidity. Much discussion has revolved around the diverse findings on the complex relationship between alcohol consumption and the leading cause of death and disability, ischemic heart disease (IHD). We conducted a systematic search of the literature up to August 2014 using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify meta-analyses and observational studies examining the relationship between alcohol drinking, drinking patterns, and IHD risk, in comparison to lifetime abstainers. In a narrative review we have summarized the many meta-analyses published in the last 10 years, discussing the role of confounding and experimental evidence. We also conducted meta-analyses examining episodic heavy drinking among on average moderate drinkers. The narrative review showed that the use of current abstainers as the reference group leads to systematic bias. With regard to average alcohol consumption in relation to lifetime abstainers, the relationship is clearly J-shaped, supported by short-term experimental evidence and similar associations within strata of potential confounders, except among smokers. Women experience slightly stronger beneficial associations and also a quicker upturn to a detrimental effect at lower levels of average alcohol consumption compared to men. There was no evidence that chronic or episodic heavy drinking confers a beneficial effect on IHD risk. People with alcohol use disorder have an elevated risk of IHD (1.5- to 2-fold). Results from our quantitative meta-analysis showed that drinkers with average intake of <30 g/day and no episodic heavy drinking had the lowest IHD risk (relative risk = 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.71). Drinkers with episodic heavy drinking occasions had a risk similar to lifetime abstainers (relative risk = 1.12, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.37). Epidemiological evidence for a beneficial effect of low alcohol consumption without heavy drinking episodes is strong, corroborated by experimental evidence. However, episodic and chronic heavy drinking do not provide any beneficial effect on IHD. Thus, average alcohol consumption is not sufficient to describe the risk relation between alcohol consumption and IHD. Alcohol policy should try to reduce heavy drinking patterns.read more
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Lily Alexander,H. Ross Anderson,Victoria F Bachman,Stan Biryukov,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,Daniel Casey,Daniel Casey,Matthew M Coates,Aaron Cohen,Kristen Delwiche,Kara Estep,Joseph Frostad,K. C. Astha,Hmwe H Kyu,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Marie Ng,Erica Leigh Slepak,Bernadette Thomas,Joseph A Wagner,Gunn Marit Aasvang,Cristiana Abbafati,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Biju Abraham,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tania C Aburto,Tom Achoki,Ademola Lukman Adelekan,Koranteng Adofo,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Ashkan Afshin,Emilie Agardh,Mazin J. Al Khabouri,Faris Lami,Sayed Saidul Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Alicia Aleman,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,Mohammed K. Ali,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Peter J. Allen,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Adansi A. Amankwaa,Azmeraw T. Amare,Emmanuel A. Ameh,Omid Ameli,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,Benjamin O Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Solveig A. Cunningham,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic,Al Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Charles Atkinson,Marco A Avila,Baffour Awuah,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Talal Bakfalouni,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Shivanthi Balalla,Ravi Kumar Balu,Amitava Banerjee,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez,Ana Basto-Abreu,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed O. Basulaiman,Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Habib Benzian,Eduardo Bernabé,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Boris Bikbov,Aref A. Bin Abdulhak,Jed D. Blore,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Berrak Bora Basara,Guilherme Borges,Natan M. Bornstein,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Michael Brainin,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,David M. Broday,Peter Brooks,Nigel Bruce,Traolach S. Brugha,Bert Brunekreef,Rachelle Buchbinder,Linh N Bui,Gene Bukhman,Andrew G. M. Bulloch,Michael Burch,Peter Burney,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Julio Cesar Campuzano,Alejandra Cantoral,Jack Caravanos,Rosario Cárdenas,Elisabeth Cardis,David O. Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Alanur Çavlin,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Wanqing Chen,Zhengming Chen,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Costas A. Christophi,Costas A. Christophi,Ting Wu Chuang,Sumeet S. Chugh,Massimo Cirillo,Thomas Claßen,Valentina Colistro,Mercedes Colomar,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Alejandra G. Contreras,Cyrus Cooper,Kimberly Cooperrider,Leslie T. Cooper,Josef Coresh,Karen J. Courville,Michael H. Criqui,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,James Damsere-Derry,Hadi Danawi,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Paul I. Dargan,Adrian Davis,Dragos Virgil Davitoiu,Anand Dayama,E Filipa de Castro,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Diego De Leo,Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Sarah Derrett,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Gabrielle deVeber,Karen Devries,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Adnan M. Durrani,Beth E. Ebel,Richard G. Ellenbogen,Yousef M. Elshrek,Matthias Endres,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Saman Fahimi,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,Andrea B. Feigl,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Alize J. Ferrari,Cleusa P. Ferri,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Belinda J. Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Emmanuela Gakidou,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Ron T. Gansevoort,Francisco A García-Guerra,Evariste Gasana,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Richard F. Gillum,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Shifalika Goenka,Ketevan Goginashvili,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Teresita González de Cosío,Dinorah González-Castell,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Richard L. Guerrant,Harish Chander Gugnani,Francis Guillemin,David Gunnell,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Maria Hagströmer,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Mouhanad Hammami,Graeme J. Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Tilahun Nigatu Haregu,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Lucia Hernandez,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Bryan Hubbell,Laetitia Huiart,Abdullatif Husseini,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Samaya Ismayilova,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Henrica A. F. M. Jansen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Alejandra Jáuregui,Sudha Jayaraman,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Fan Jiang,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,Sidibe S Kany Roseline,Nadim E. Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Irma Khonelidze,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Brett M. Kissela,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,M Rifat Kose,Soewarta Kosen,Alexander Kraemer,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Hans Kromhout,Tiffany Ku,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J. Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Dennis Odai Laryea,Pablo M. Lavados,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Miriam Levi,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,M. Patrice Lindsay,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Belinda K Lloyd,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Nancy Lopez,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Raimundas Lunevicius,Jixiang Ma,Stefan Ma,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Michael F. MacIntyre,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Abbas Ali Mahdi,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Srikanth Mangalam,Christopher C. Mapoma,Marape Marape,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Guy B. Marks,Randall V. Martin,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Mohammad T Mashal,Felix Masiye,Amanda J. Mason-Jones,Kunihiro Matsushita,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Abigail C. McKay,Martin McKee,Abigail McLain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Awoke Misganaw,Santosh Mishra,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,K. A. Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Ami R Moore,Lidia Morawska,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Ulrich O Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Ziad Nahas,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Bruce Neal,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Charles R. Newton,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Jean de Dieu Ngirabega,Grant Nguyen,Nhung T Nguyen,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,José R Nogueira,Joan M. Nolla,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Ricardo Orozco,Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,Lilia S Pedraza,Andrea Pedroza,Ljiljana Pejin Stokic,Ayfer Pekericli,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Samuel A L Perry,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Hwee Pin Phua,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Guilherme V. Polanczyk,Suzanne Polinder,Constance D. Pond,C. Arden Pope,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Farshad Pourmalek,John Powles,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M Prasad,Dima M. Qato,Amado D Quezada,D. Alex Quistberg,Lionel Racapé,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Ivo Rakovac,Saleem M Rana,Mayuree Rao,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Amany H Refaat,Jürgen Rehm,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Patricia M. Riccio,Lee Richardson,Anne M. Riederer,Margaret Robinson,Anna Roca,Alina Rodriguez,David Rojas-Rueda,Isabelle Romieu,Luca Ronfani,Robin Room,Nobhojit Roy,George Mugambage Ruhago,Lesley Rushton,Nsanzimana Sabin,Ralph L. Sacco,Sukanta Saha,Ramesh Sahathevan,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Joshua A. Salomon,Deborah Salvo,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Luz Maria Sanchez,Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Amir Sapkota,Maheswar Satpathy,James E. Saunders,Monika Sawhney,Mete Saylan,Peter Scarborough,Jürgen C Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Edson Serván-Mori,Gavin Shaddick,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Kenji Shibuya,Hwashin H. Shin,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Gitanjali M. Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Michael Soljak,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nadine Steckling,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Natalie Stephens,Heidi Stöckl,Kurt Straif,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Lela Sturua,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Martha M Téllez Rojo,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador,Sarah V Thackway,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Myriam Tobollik,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Leonardo Trasande,Matias Trillini,Ulises Trujillo,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Selen Begüm Uzun,Steven van de Vijver,Rita Van Dingenen,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Lennert J. Veerman,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G Waller,Mitchell T. Wallin,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Wenzhi Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Charlotte Watts,Charlotte Watts,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Hywel C Williams,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,John Q. Wong,Anthony D. Woolf,Jonathan L. Wright,Jonathan L. Wright,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L. Yan,Gonghuan Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Muluken Azage Yenesew,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Zourkaleini Younoussi,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,Xiaonong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray +736 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Mohammad H Forouzanfar,Ashkan Afshin,Lily Alexander,H. Ross Anderson,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Stan Biryukov,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,Kelly Cercy,Fiona J Charlson,Aaron Cohen,Lalit Dandona,Kara Estep,Alize J. Ferrari,Joseph Frostad,Nancy Fullman,Peter W. Gething,William W Godwin,Max Griswold,Simon I. Hay,Yohannes Kinfu,Hmwe H Kyu,Heidi J. Larson,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,Patrick Liu,Alan D. Lopez,Rafael Lozano,Laurie B. Marczak,George A. Mensah,Ali H. Mokdad,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Mohsen Naghavi,Bruce Neal,Marissa B Reitsma,Gregory A. Roth,Joshua A. Salomon,Patrick J Sur,Theo Vos,Joseph A Wagner,Haidong Wang,Yi Zhao,Maigeng Zhou,Gunn Marit Aasvang,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Kaja Abbas,Foad Abd-Allah,Abdishakur M. Abdulle,Semaw Ferede Abera,Biju Abraham,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Gebre Yitayih Abyu,Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi,Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji,Zanfina Ademi,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Emilie Agardh,Arnav Agarwal,Anurag Agrawal,Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri,Oluremi N Ajala,Tomi Akinyemiju,Ziyad Al-Aly,Khurshid Alam,Noore Alam,Saleh F. Aldhahri,Robert W Aldridge,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Raghib Ali,Ala'a Alkerwi,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Ubai Alsharif,Khalid A Altirkawi,Elena Alvarez Martin,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Alemayehu Amberbir,Adeladza Kofi Amegah,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,Stephen M. Amrock,Hjalte Holm Andersen,Benjamin O. Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Al Artaman,Hamid Asayesh,Rana Jawad Asghar,Reza Assadi,Suleman Atique,Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho,Ashish Awasthi,Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla,Peter Azzopardi,Umar Bacha,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Aleksandra Barac,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Sanjay Basu,Carolina Batis,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Brent Bell,Michelle L. Bell,Aminu K. Bello,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Adugnaw Berhane,Eduardo Bernabé,Balem Demtsu Betsu,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Anil Bhansali,Samir Bhatt,Sibhatu Biadgilign,Boris Bikbov,Donal Bisanzio,Espen Bjertness,Jed D. Blore,Rohan Borschmann,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Michael Brainin,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,David M. Broday,Traolach S. Brugha,Bert Brunekreef,Zahid A Butt,Leah E. Cahill,Bianca Calabria,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Rosario Cárdenas,David O. Carpenter,Juan Jesus Carrero,Daniel C Casey,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Jacqueline Castillo Rivas,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Jung-Chen Chang,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Mirriam Chibalabala,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa,Abdulaal A Chitheer,Jee-Young Jasmine Choi,Hanne Christensen,Devasahayam J. Christopher,Liliana G Ciobanu,Matthew M Coates,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Alejandra G Contreras Manzano,Leslie T. Cooper,Kimberly Cooperrider,Leslie Cornaby,Monica Cortinovis,John A. Crump,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,Albertino Damasceno,Rakhi Dandona,Sarah C. Darby,Paul I. Dargan,José Neves,Adrian Davis,Kairat Davletov,E Filipa de Castro,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Liana C Del Gobbo,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Amare Deribew,Don C. Des Jarlais,Samath D Dharmaratne,Preet K Dhillon,Cesar Diaz-Torne,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,E. Ray Dorsey,Kerrie E. Doyle,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Manisha Dubey,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Iqbal R. F. Elyazar,Aman Yesuf Endries,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Saman Fahimi,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Talha Farid,Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha,André Faro,Maryam S. Farvid,Farshad Farzadfar,Valery L. Feigin,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Jefferson G Fernandes,Florian Fischer,Joseph R Fitchett,Thomas Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,F Gerry R Fowkes,Richard C. Franklin,Thomas Fürst,Neal D. 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TL;DR: The comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 was used to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015.
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TL;DR: This document will provide a comprehensive overview of the prevalence of these diseases, shared risk factors, the cardiotoxic effects of therapy, and the prevention and treatment of CVD in breast cancer patients.
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