Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies
Nobuyuki Hamajima,Kaoru Hirose,K. Tajima,T E Rohan,Christine M. Friedenreich,Eugenia E. Calle,Susan M. Gapstur,Alpa V. Patel,R. J. Coates,Jonathan M. Liff,R. Talamini,N. Chantarakul,Suporn Koetsawang,D. Rachawat,Yiola Marcou,E. Kakouri,Stephen W. Duffy,A. Morabia,L. Schuman,Walter F. Stewart,Moyses Szklo,Patricia F. Coogan,Julie R. Palmer,Lynn Rosenberg,P. Band,Andrew J. Coldman,Richard P. Gallagher,T. G. Hislop,P. Yang,S. R. Cummings,Karen Canfell,Freddy Sitas,P. Chao,Jolanta Lissowska,Pamela L. Horn-Ross,Esther M. John,L. M. Kolonel,A. M.Y. Nomura,R. Ghiasvand,J. Hu,Karen C. Johnson,Y. Mao,Valerie Beral,Diana Bull,K. Callaghan,B Crossley,A Goodill,Jane Green,C Hermon,Timothy J. Key,I. Lindgard,B. Liu,Kirstin Pirie,Gillian K Reeves,Rory Collins,Richard Doll,Richard Peto,Tim Bishop,I. S. Fentiman,S de Sanjosé,Clicerio Gonzalez,N. Lee,Polly A. Marchbanks,Howard W. Ory,Herbert B. Peterson,Phyllis A. Wingo,K. Ebeling,D. Kunde,P. Nishan,John L. Hopper,Heather Eliassen,Susan E. Hankinson,V. Gajalakshmi,N. Martin,Tieng Pardthaisong,S. Silpisornkosol,C. Theetranont,B. Boosiri,S. Chutivongse,P. Jimakorn,Pramuan Virutamasen,C. Wongsrichanalai,Alfred I. Neugut,Regina M. Santella,C. J. Baines,Nancy Kreiger,Anthony B. Miller,C. Wall,Anne Tjønneland,Torben Jørgensen,Claudia Stahlberg,A. Tønnes Pedersen,Dieter Flesch-Janys,Niclas Håkansson,Jane A. Cauley,Ivar Heuch,H. O. Adami,Ingemar Persson,Elisabete Weiderpass,Cecilia Magnusson,Jenny Chang-Claude,Rudolph Kaaks,Margaret R. E. McCredie,Carle Paul,David C. G. Skegg,G. F. S. Spears,M. Iwasaki,S. Tsugane,Garnet L. Anderson,J. R. Daling,J. Hampton,W. B. Hutchinson,C. I. Li,Kathi Malone,Margaret T. Mandelson,Polly A. Newcomb,E. A. Noonan,Roberta M. Ray,Janet L. Stanford,M. T.C. Tang,David B. Thomas,N. S. Weiss,Emily White,Angel Izquierdo,P. Viladiu,Evangelia-Ourania Fourkala,Ian Jacobs,Usha Menon,Andy Ryan,H. R. Cuevas,P. Ontiveros,A. Palet,S. B. Salazar,N. Aristizabal,A. Cuadros,Laufey Tryggvadottir,Hrafn Tulinius,Elio Riboli,N. Andrieu,A. Bachelot,M. G. Lê,A. Brêmond,B. Gairard,J. Lansac,L. Piana,R. Renaud,F. Clavel-Chapelon,Agnès Fournier,Marina Touillaud,Sylvie Mesrine,Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet,M. C. Boutron-Ruault,Alicja Wolk,Gabriella Torres-Mejia,Silvia Franceschi,Isabelle Romieu,P. Boyle,Flora Lubin,Baruch Modan,Elaine Ron,Y. Wax,Gary D. Friedman,Robert A. Hiatt,Fabio Levi,K. Kosmelj,M. Primic-Zakelj,B. Ravnihar,J. Stare,Anders Ekbom,Gunnar Erlandsson,W. L. Beeson,Graeme Fraser,Julian Peto,R. L. Hanson,M.C. Leske,Martin C. Mahoney,P. C. Nasca,A. O. Varma,A. L. Weinstein,Mikael Hartman,Håkan Olsson,R.A. Goldbohm,P.A. van den Brandt,Domenico Palli,Susan L. Teitelbaum,R. A. Apelo,J. Baens,J. R. de la Cruz,B. Javier,L. B. Lacaya,Corazon A. Ngelangel,C. La Vecchia,Eva Negri,Ettore Marubini,Monica Ferraroni,Malcolm C. Pike,Mariette Gerber,Sylvia Richardson,C. Segala,D. Gatei,P. Kenya,A. Kungu,J. G. Mati,L. A. Brinton,M. Freedman,Robert N. Hoover,Catherine Schairer,Regina G. Ziegler,Emily Banks,Robert Spirtas,H. P. Lee,Matti A. Rookus,F.E. van Leeuwen,J. A. Schoenberg,Sidsel Graff-Iversen,Randi Selmer,Lee W. Jones,Klim McPherson,A. Neil,M. Vessey,D. Yeates,Kiyohiko Mabuchi,Dale L. Preston,P. Hannaford,Kay Cr,Susan E. McCann,Luis Rosero-Bixby,Y. T. Gao,F. Jin,Jian-Min Yuan,H. Y. Wei,T. Yun,C. Zhiheng,G. Berry,J. C. Booth,T. Jelihovsky,Robert MacLennan,R. Shearman,A. Hadjisavvas,Kyriacos Kyriacou,M. Loisidou,X. Zhou,Q. S. Wang,Masaaki Kawai,Yuko Minami,Ichiro Tsuji,Eiliv Lund,Merethe Kumle,H. Stalsberg,X. O. Shu,Wei Zheng,Evelyn M. Monninkhof,N. C. Onland-Moret,P. H. M. Peeters,Klea Katsouyanni,Antonia Trichopoulou,Dimitrios Trichopoulos,Anastasia Tzonou,K. A. Baltzell,A. Dabancens,L. Martinez,R. Molina,O. Salas,Freda E. Alexander,Kristin E. Anderson,Aaron R. Folsom,Marilie D. Gammon,B. S. Hulka,Robert C. Millikan,C. E. D. Chilvers,F. Lumachi,Chris Bain,F. Schofield,Victor Siskind,Timothy R. Rebbeck,Leslie Bernstein,Shelley M. Enger,Robert W. Haile,Annlia Paganini-Hill,R. K. Ross,Giske Ursin,Anna H. Wu,Mimi C. Yu,Marianne Ewertz,E. A. Clarke,Leif Bergkvist,M. Gass,M. J. O'Sullivan,A. Kalache,Timothy M.M. Farley,S. Holck,O. Meirik,Akira Fukao +292 more
TLDR
The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years, and endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for ostrogens receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women.METHODS:Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.FINDINGS:Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons).INTERPRETATION:The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.read more
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The global burden of women's cancers: a grand challenge in global health
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Journal ArticleDOI
Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer
Eugenia E. Calle,Clark W. Heath,R. J. Coates,Jonathan M. Liff,Silvia Franceschi,R. Talamini,N. Chantarakul,Suporn Koetsawang,D. Rachawat,A. Morabia,L. Schuman,Walter F. Stewart,Moyses Szklo,Chris Bain,F. Schofield,Victor Siskind,Philip A. Band,Andrew J. Coldman,Richard P. Gallagher,T. G. Hislop,P. Yang,Stephen W. Duffy,L. M. Kolonel,A. M.Y. Nomura,Mark W. Oberle,Howard W. Ory,Herbert B. Peterson,Hoyt G. Wilson,Phyllis A. Wingo,K. Ebeling,D. Kunde,P. Nishan,Graham A. Colditz,Nicholas G. Martin,Tieng Pardthaisong,S. Silpisornkosol,C. Theetranont,B. Boosiri,S. Chutivongse,P. Jimakorn,Pramuan Virutamasen,C. Wongsrichanalai,Anthony J. McMichael,T. Rohan,Marianne Ewertz,Carle Paul,David C. G. Skegg,G. F. S. Spears,P. Boyle,M. Evstifeeva,J. R. Daling,W. B. Hutchinson,Kathi Malone,E. A. Noonan,Janet L. Stanford,David B. Thomas,N. S. Weiss,Emily White,N. Andrieu,A. Bràmond,F Clavel,B. Gairard,J. Lansac,L. Piana,R. Renaud,S. R.P. Fine,H. R. Cuevas,P. Ontiveros,A. Palet,S. B. Salazar,N. Aristizabel,A. Cuadros,A. Bachelot,M. G. Lê,J. Deacon,Julian Peto,C. N. Taylor,E. Alfandary,Baruch Modan,Elaine Ron,Gary D. Friedman,Robert A. Hiatt,T. Bishop,J. Kosmelj,M. Primic-Zakelj,B. Ravnihar,J. Stare,W. L. Beeson,Graeme Fraser,R. D. Bulbrook,Jack Cuzick,I. S. Fentiman,J. L. Hayward,De Yun Wang,R. L. Hanson,M. C. Leske,Martin C. Mahoney,P. C. Nasca,A. O. Varma,A. L. Weinstein,Torgil Möller,Håkan Olsson,Jonas Ranstam,R.A. Goldbohm,P.A. van den Brandt,R. A. Apelo,J. Baens,J. R. de la Cruz,B. Javier,L. B. Lacaya,Corazon A. Ngelangel,C. La Vecchia,E. Negri,Ettore Marubini,Monica Ferraroni,Mariette Gerber,Sylvia Richardson,C. Segala,D. Gatei,P. Kenya,A. Kungu,J. G. Mati,L A Brinton,Robert N. Hoover,Catherine Schairer,Robert Spirtas,H. P. Lee,Matti A. Rookus,F.E. van Leeuwen,J. A. Schoenberg,Marilie D. Gammon,E. A. Clarke,Lee W. Jones,Klim McPherson,A. Neil,M. Vessey,D. Yeates,Valerie Beral,Diana Bull,B. Crossley,C Hermon,Simon Jones,Timothy J. Key,Claire E. Lewis,Gillian K Reeves,Rory Collins,Richard Doll,Richard Peto,P. Hannaford,Kay Cr,Luis Rosero-Bixby,Jian-Min Yuan,H. Y. Wei,T. Yun,C. Zhiheng,G. Berry,J Cooper Booth,T. Jelihovsky,Robert MacLennan,R. Shearman,Q. S. Wang,C. J. Baines,Anthony B. Miller,C. Wall,Eiliv Lund,H. Stalsberg,A. Dabancens,L. Martinez,R. Molina,O. Salas,Freda E. Alexander,B. S. Hulka,C. E. D. Chilvers,Leslie Bernstein,Robert W. Haile,Annlia Paganini-Hill,M. C. Pike,R. K. Ross,Giske Ursin,Mimi C. Yu,M. P. Longnecker,Polly A. Newcomb,T. M.N. Farley,S. Holck,O. Meirik,Hans-Olov Adami,R. Bergkvist,Ingemar Persson,Fabio Levi,Kiyohiko Mabuchi,Dale L. Preston,Klea Katsouyanni,Antonia Trichopoulou,D. Trichopoulos,Leif Bergkvist +194 more
TL;DR: Of the many factors examined that might affect the relation between breast cancer risk and use of HRT, only a woman's weight and body-mass index had a material effect: the increase in the relative risk of breast cancer diagnosed in women using HRT and associated with long durations of use in current and recent users was greater for women of lower than of higher weight or body- mass index.
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Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer
Eugenia E. Calle,Clark W. Heath,R. J. Coates,Jonathan M. Liff,Silvia Franceschi,R. Talamini,N. Chantarakul,Suporn Koetsawang,D. Rachawat,A. Morabia,L. Schuman,Walter F. Stewart,Moyses Szklo,Chris Bain,F. Schofield,Victor Siskind,Philip A. Band,Andrew J. Coldman,Richard P. Gallagher,T. G. Hislop,P. Yang,Stephen W. Duffy,L. M. Kolonel,A. M.Y. Nomura,Mark W. Oberle,Howard W. Ory,Herbert B. Peterson,Hoyt G. Wilson,Phyllis A. Wingo,K. Ebeling,D. Kunde,P. Nishan,Graham A. Colditz,Nicholas G. Martin,Tieng Pardthaisong,S. Silpisornkosol,C. Theetranont,B. Boosiri,S. Chutivongse,P. Jimakorn,Pramuan Virutamasen,C. Wongsrichanalai,Anthony J. McMichael,T. Rohan,Marianne Ewertz,Carle Paul,David C. G. Skegg,G. F. S. Spears,P. Boyle,M. Evstifeeva,J. R. Daling,W. B. Hutchinson,Kathi Malone,E. A. Noonan,Janet L. Stanford,David B. Thomas,N. S. Weiss,Emily White,N. Andrieu,A. Bràmond,F Clavel,B. Gairard,J. Lansac,L. Piana,R. Renaud,S. R.P. Fine,H. R. Cuevas,P. Ontiveros,A. Palet,S. B. Salazar,N. Aristizabel,A. Cuadros,A. Bachelot,M. G. Lê,J. Deacon,Julian Peto,C. N. Taylor,E. Alfandary,Baruch Modan,Elaine Ron,Gary D. Friedman,Robert A. Hiatt,T. Bishop,J. Kosmelj,M. Primic-Zakelj,B. Ravnihar,J. Stare,W. L. Beeson,Graeme Fraser,R. D. Bulbrook,Jack Cuzick,I. S. Fentiman,J. L. Hayward,De Yun Wang,R. L. Hanson,M. C. Leske,Martin C. Mahoney,P. C. Nasca,A. O. Varma,A. L. Weinstein,Torgil Möller,Håkan Olsson,Jonas Ranstam,R.A. Goldbohm,P.A. van den Brandt,R. A. Apelo,J. Baens,J. R. de la Cruz,B. Javier,L. B. Lacaya,Corazon A. Ngelangel,C. La Vecchia,E. Negri,Ettore Marubini,Monica Ferraroni,Mariette Gerber,Sylvia Richardson,C. Segala,D. Gatei,P. Kenya,A. Kungu,J. G. Mati,L A Brinton,Robert N. Hoover,Catherine Schairer,Robert Spirtas,H. P. Lee,Matti A. Rookus,F.E. van Leeuwen,J. A. Schoenberg,Marilie D. Gammon,E. A. Clarke,Lee W. Jones,Klim McPherson,A. Neil,M. Vessey,D. Yeates,Valerie Beral,Diana Bull,B. Crossley,C Hermon,Simon Jones,Timothy J. Key,Claire E. Lewis,Gillian K Reeves,Rory Collins,Richard Doll,Richard Peto,P. Hannaford,Kay Cr,Luis Rosero-Bixby,Jian-Min Yuan,H. Y. Wei,T. Yun,C. Zhiheng,G. Berry,J Cooper Booth,T. Jelihovsky,Robert MacLennan,R. Shearman,Q. S. Wang,C. J. Baines,Anthony B. Miller,C. Wall,Eiliv Lund,H. Stalsberg,A. Dabancens,L. Martinez,R. Molina,O. Salas,Freda E. Alexander,B. S. Hulka,C. E. D. Chilvers,Leslie Bernstein,Robert W. Haile,Annlia Paganini-Hill,M. C. Pike,R. K. Ross,Giske Ursin,Mimi C. Yu,M. P. Longnecker,Polly A. Newcomb,T. M.N. Farley,S. Holck,O. Meirik,Hans-Olov Adami,R. Bergkvist,Ingemar Persson,Fabio Levi,Kiyohiko Mabuchi,Dale L. Preston,Klea Katsouyanni,Antonia Trichopoulou,D. Trichopoulos,Leif Bergkvist +194 more