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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Release of HMGB1 in response to proapoptotic glioma killing strategies: efficacy and neurotoxicity.

TLDR
The results indicate that Ad-TK+GCV+Ad-Flt3L exhibit the highest efficacy and safety profile among the several proapoptotic approaches tested.
Abstract
Purpose: In preparation for a phase I clinical trial using a combined cytotoxic/immunotherapeutic strategy with adenoviruses (Ad) expressing Flt3L (Ad-Flt3L) and thymidine kinase (Ad-TK) to treat glioblastoma (GBM), we tested the hypothesis that Ad-TK+GCV would be the optimal tumor-killing agent in relation to efficacy and safety when compared with other proapoptotic approaches. Experimental Design: The efficacy and neurotoxicity of Ad-TK+GCV was compared with Ads encoding the proapoptotic cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing factor (TRAIL), and Fas ligand (FasL)], alone or in combination with Ad-Flt3L. In rats bearing small GBMs (day 4), only Ad-TK+GCV or Ad-FasL improved survival. Results: In rats bearing large GBMs (day 9), the combination of Ad-Flt3L with Ad-FasL did not improve survival over FasL alone, whereas Ad-Flt3L combined with Ad-TK+GCV led to 70% long-term survival. Expression of FasL and TRAIL caused severe neuropathology, which was not encountered when we used Ad-TK+/−Ad-Flt3L. In vitro, all treatments elicited release of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from dying tumor cells. In vivo, the highest levels of circulating HMGB1 were observed after treatment with Ad-TK+GCV+Ad-Flt3L; HMGB1 was necessary for the therapeutic efficacy of AdTK+GCV+Ad-Flt3L because its blockade with glycyrrhizin completely blocked tumor regression. We also showed the killing efficacy of Ad-TK+GCV in human GBM cell lines and GBM primary cultures, which also elicited release of HMGB1. Conclusions: Our results indicate that Ad-TK+GCV+Ad-Flt3L exhibit the highest efficacy and safety profile among the several proapoptotic approaches tested. The results reported further support the implementation of this combined approach in a phase I clinical trial for GBM.

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Consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death

Oliver Kepp, +81 more
- 29 Oct 2014 - 
TL;DR: Strategies conceived to detect surrogate markers of ICD in vitro and to screen large chemical libraries for putative I CD inducers are outlined, based on a high-content, high-throughput platform that was recently developed.
Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of immunogenic cell death and its relevance for cancer therapy

TL;DR: Qualitative approaches for measuring ICD markers in vitro and ex vivo for the discovery of next-generation antineoplastic agents, the development of personalized anticancer regimens, and the identification of optimal therapeutic combinations for the clinical management of cancer are outlined.
Journal ArticleDOI

Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics

TL;DR: Treatment of Glioblastoma multiforme remains extremely challenging, and continued research and development of targeted therapies, based on a detailed understanding of molecular pathogenesis can reasonably be expected to yield improved outcomes for patients with GBM.
Journal ArticleDOI

Targeting the Fas/FasL signaling pathway in cancer therapy

TL;DR: The success of the Fas/FasL system targeting for therapeutics will require a better understanding of the alterations conferring resistance, in order to use the most appropriate sensitizing chemotherapeutic or radiotherAPEutic agents in combination with effective targeted therapies.
Journal ArticleDOI

Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cells' Blockade in the Glioma Microenvironment Enhances the Efficacy of Immune-Stimulatory Gene Therapy.

TL;DR: Testing whether combining MDSC depletion or checkpoint blockade would augment the efficacy of immune-stimulatory herpes simplex type-I thymidine kinase (TK) plus Fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand (Flt3L)-mediated immune stimulatory gene therapy indicates that blocking MDSCs-mediated immunosuppression holds great promise for increasing the efficacy for gene therapy-mediated Immunotherapies for GBM.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

HMGB1 signals through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in human whole blood, neutralizing antibodies against Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4, but not TLR2 or receptor for advanced glycation end product) dose-dependently attenuate HMGB1-induced IL-8 release, suggesting that there is a differential usage ofTLR2 and TLR4 inHMGB1 signaling in primary cells and in established cell lines.
Journal ArticleDOI

Patterns of Failure Following Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme and Anaplastic Astrocytoma

TL;DR: The findings support the use of partial brain irradiation for post-operative treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytomas, and may help to determine the most appropriate treatment volume for interstitial irradiation.
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