Journal ArticleDOI
Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
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An integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment is presented and findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive mode of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes.Abstract:
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.read more
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Book Chapter
Motivating Sustainable Consumption
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary....................................................................................................... v Part 1 Framing the Debate ................................................................................ v Part 2 Models of Consumer Behaviour ........................................................... vi Part 3 Towards Behavioural Change ............................................................... xi PART 1: FRAMING THE DEBATE........................................................................ 1 1 Towards Sustainable Consumption Policy ............................................................ 3 1.1 The Challenge of Behavioural Change ...................................................... 3 1.2 The Challenge of Sustainable Consumption.............................................. 4 1.3 Terms of Reference for this Review.......................................................... 5 1.4 The Question of Evidence.......................................................................... 5 1.5 The Limitations of Systematic Review...................................................... 6 1.6 Overview of the Structure .......................................................................... 7 2 Consumption: the vanguard of history? ................................................................. 9 2.1 Consumption and Well-Being.................................................................... 9 2.2 Consumption and Needs .......................................................................... 10 2.3 Consumption and Desire .......................................................................... 11 2.4 Ordinary and Inconspicuous Consumption.............................................. 13 2.5 Consumption and Identity........................................................................ 13 2.6 The Symbolic Role of Consumer Goods ................................................. 14 2.7 Consumption as Social Conversation ...................................................... 15 2.8 Consumption and the Pursuit of Meaning ............................................... 16 2.9 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 17 PART 2: MODELS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ........................................... 19 3 The Role of Models .............................................................................................. 21 4 Rational Choice.................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Consumer Preference Theory................................................................... 30 4.2 The Attribute (Lancaster) Model ............................................................. 31 4.3 Rational Choice in Non-Purchasing Behaviour ....................................... 32 5 Against Rational Choice ...................................................................................... 35 5.1 Bounded Rationality, Habit and Emotion................................................ 35 5.2 The Argument against Individualism....................................................... 37 5.3 The Moral Critique ................................................................................... 39 6 Adjusted Expectancy-Value Theory.................................................................... 43 6.1 Simple Expectancy-Value Attitude Theory............................................. 43 6.2 Means-End Chain Theory........................................................................ 44 Motivating Sustainable Consumption ii 6.3 The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) .................................................. 46 6.4 The Theory of Planned Behaviour ........................................................... 48 7 Moral and Normative Conduct ............................................................................ 51 7.1 Ecological Value Theory ......................................................................... 52 7.2 Norm Activation Theory.......................................................................... 54 7.3 Stern’s Value Belief Norm Theory.......................................................... 56 7.4 The Focus Theory of Normative Conduct ............................................... 58 8 The Matter of Habit .............................................................................................. 63 8.1 Cognitive effort – control, automaticity and heuristics ........................... 64 8.2 The Role of Habit and Routine ................................................................ 65 8.3 Framing, Priming and Bias ...................................................................... 66 9 Sociality and Self ................................................................................................. 69 9.1 The Social-Symbolic Self ........................................................................ 70 9.2 The Project of Symbolic Self-Completion............................................... 73 9.3 Self-Concept, Cognitive Dissonance and Spillover ................................. 76 9.4 Self-Discrepancy Theory ......................................................................... 77 9.5 Social Identity Theory.............................................................................. 79 9.6 Cultural Theory........................................................................................ 84 10 Integrative Theories of Consumer Behaviour .................................................. 89 10.1 Structuration and Social Practices............................................................ 89 10.2 Stern’s Attitude-Behaviour-Context Model............................................. 92 10.3 Triandis’ Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour .......................................... 93 10.4 The Motivation-Opportunity-Abilities model.......................................... 95 10.5 Bagozzi’s Model of Consumer Action .................................................... 97 10.6 Summary Discussion ........................................................................... 99 PART 3: TOWARDS BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE ............................................ 103 11 Change, Persuasion and Learning.................................................................. 105 11.1 Persuasion Theory.................................................................................. 106 11.2 The Elaboration Likelihood Model........................................................ 107 11.3 Social Learning Theory.......................................................................... 109 11.4 Control, Helplessness and Participatory Problem Solving .................... 112 11.5 Breaking ‘Bad’ Habits ........................................................................... 114 11.6 Community-Based Social Marketing..................................................... 118 11.7 Summary Discussion ............................................................................. 119 12 Policy Options and Opportunities .................................................................. 121 12.1 Policy Options in Historical and Cultural Context ............................ 122 12.2 Policy Opportunities in Social and Institutional Context .................. 127 12. 3 Concluding Remarks.......................................................................... 132 References .................................................................................................................. 135 Motivating Sustainable Consumption
Journal ArticleDOI
Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults
TL;DR: Aerobic capacity, exercise efficacy, and exercise behavior in combination were significantly related to current energy expenditure in aerobic physical activity and self-efficacy significantly predicted exercise behavior at follow-up when controlling for biological and behavioral influences.
Journal ArticleDOI
What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-analysis.
TL;DR: Interventions that included feedback on past or others' performance produced the highest levels of self-efficacy found in this review, forming an evidence base for which psychological techniques are most effective in increasing self-efficiency for physical activity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role Models in Career Development: New Directions for Theory and Research.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dimensional approach to role models integrates current theory and research, suggesting that role models should be construed along two cognitive dimensions (positive/negative, global/specific), and two structural dimensions (close/distant, up/across-down).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social learning theory
TL;DR: In this article, an exploración de the avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, and autoregulatorios.
Journal ArticleDOI
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
TL;DR: Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as a way to develop your experiences about everything.
Book
Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence
TL;DR: The concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as discussed by the authors, and the advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
TL;DR: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449) as mentioned in this paper.