Journal ArticleDOI
Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
TLDR
An integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment is presented and findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive mode of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes.Abstract:
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.read more
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Antecedents of adherence to medical recommendations: results from the Medical Outcomes Study.
TL;DR: Patients who were distressed about their health, used avoidant coping strategies, or who reported worse physical and role functioning were less likely to adhere in general, but patient satisfaction with two features of care was positively related to adherence in some models, but satisfaction with the technical quality of carewas negatively associated with adherence to specific recommendations among heart disease patients.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Importance of Goal Disengagement in Adaptive Self-Regulation: When Giving Up is Beneficial
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that goal disengagement is an essential aspect of effective self-regulation, and that it is most adaptive if it leads to pursuing new meaningful goals, and also discusses the manner in which various aspects of the self might support or hinder the disengagement process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social Information-Processing Bases of Aggressive Behavior in Children:
Kenneth A. Dodge,Nicki R. Crick +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a social information-processing model of children's aggressive behavior is outlined, where a child's behavioral response to a problematic social stimulus is a function of five steps of processing: encoding of social cues, interpretation of social cue, response search, response evaluation, and enactment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Factors affecting the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the extent to which the trainee is given the opportunity to perform trained tasks on the job and found that airmen obtained differential opportunities to perform these tasks and these differences were related to supervisory attitudes and workgroup support as well as trainee's selfefficacy and cognitive ability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress.
TL;DR: Optism was associated with better mood, higher numbers of helper T cells, and higher natural killer cell cytotoxicity among law students in their first semester of study.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social learning theory
TL;DR: In this article, an exploración de the avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, and autoregulatorios.
Journal ArticleDOI
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
TL;DR: Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as a way to develop your experiences about everything.
Book
Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence
TL;DR: The concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as discussed by the authors, and the advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
TL;DR: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449) as mentioned in this paper.