Journal ArticleDOI
Breaking the Code of DNA Binding Specificity of TAL-Type III Effectors
Jens Boch,Heidi Scholze,Sebastian Schornack,Angelika Landgraf,Simone Hahn,Sabine Kay,Thomas Lahaye,Anja Nickstadt,Ulla Bonas +8 more
TLDR
The functionality of a distinct type of DNA binding domain is described and allows the design ofDNA binding domains for biotechnology.Abstract:
The pathogenicity of many bacteria depends on the injection of effector proteins via type III secretion into eukaryotic cells in order to manipulate cellular processes. TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors from plant pathogenic Xanthomonas are important virulence factors that act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus, where they directly bind to DNA via a central domain of tandem repeats. Here, we show how target DNA specificity of TAL effectors is encoded. Two hypervariable amino acid residues in each repeat recognize one base pair in the target DNA. Recognition sequences of TAL effectors were predicted and experimentally confirmed. The modular protein architecture enabled the construction of artificial effectors with new specificities. Our study describes the functionality of a distinct type of DNA binding domain and allows the design of DNA binding domains for biotechnology.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Quantitative analysis of TALE–DNA interactions suggests polarity effects
Joshua F. Meckler,Mital S. Bhakta,Moon-Soo Kim,Robert Ovadia,Chris H. Habrian,Artem Zykovich,Abigail S. Yu,Sarah H. Lockwood,Robert Morbitzer,Janett Elsaesser,Thomas Lahaye,David J. Segal,Enoch P. Baldwin +12 more
TL;DR: Assessment of TALE DNA recognition using quantitative electrophoretic mobility shift assays and reporter gene activation assays provides evidence that TALE–DNA recognition exhibits a hitherto un-described polarity effect, in which the N- terminal repeats contribute more to affinity than C-terminal ones.
Journal ArticleDOI
TAL Effectors Are Remote Controls for Gene Activation
Heidi Scholze,Jens Boch +1 more
TL;DR: How TAL specificity is encoded, first structural data and first data on site-specific TAL nucleases are summarized are summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
CRISPR Crops: Plant Genome Editing Toward Disease Resistance.
TL;DR: In the future, bioedited disease resistant crops will become a standard tool in plant breeding because of the ease and robustness of the CRISPR-Cas9 method.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biallelic genome modification in F(0) Xenopus tropicalis embryos using the CRISPR/Cas system.
TL;DR: The CRISPR/Cas system is adapted for use in Xenopus tropicalis and the efficient creation of mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme tyrosinase, which is responsible for oculocutaneous albinism is reported on.
Journal ArticleDOI
Magical mystery tour: MLO proteins in plant immunity and beyond
TL;DR: The known requirements for mlo-mediated disease resistance in barley and Arabidopsis are reviewed and current views regarding Mlo function are reflected and a meta-analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the Mlo family is presented.
References
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The plant immune system
TL;DR: A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production and provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and evolution across biological kingdoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation Tagging Identifies a Conserved MYB Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis
TL;DR: A novel approach for enhancing the accumulation of natural products based on activation tagging by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with a T-DNA that carries cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer sequences at its right border is reported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Innate immunity in plants : an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens
Thomas Boller,Sheng Yang He +1 more
TL;DR: It turns out that the important contribution of PTI to disease resistance is masked by pathogen virulence effectors that have evolved to suppress it.
Journal ArticleDOI
High-frequency modification of plant genes using engineered zinc-finger nucleases
Jeffrey A. Townsend,David A. Wright,Ronnie J. Winfrey,Fengli Fu,Morgan L. Maeder,J. Keith Joung,Daniel F. Voytas +6 more
TL;DR: High-frequency ZFN-stimulated gene targeting at endogenous plant genes, namely the tobacco acetolactate synthase genes (ALS SuRA and SuRB), for which specific mutations are known to confer resistance to imidazolinone and sulphonylurea herbicides are demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
A bacterial effector acts as a plant transcription factor and induces a cell size regulator.
TL;DR: It is shown that AvrBs3 induces the expression of a master regulator of cell size, upa20, which encodes a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix domain that provokes developmental reprogramming of host cells by mimicking eukaryotic transcription factors.