Journal ArticleDOI
Breaking the Code of DNA Binding Specificity of TAL-Type III Effectors
Jens Boch,Heidi Scholze,Sebastian Schornack,Angelika Landgraf,Simone Hahn,Sabine Kay,Thomas Lahaye,Anja Nickstadt,Ulla Bonas +8 more
TLDR
The functionality of a distinct type of DNA binding domain is described and allows the design ofDNA binding domains for biotechnology.Abstract:
The pathogenicity of many bacteria depends on the injection of effector proteins via type III secretion into eukaryotic cells in order to manipulate cellular processes. TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors from plant pathogenic Xanthomonas are important virulence factors that act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus, where they directly bind to DNA via a central domain of tandem repeats. Here, we show how target DNA specificity of TAL effectors is encoded. Two hypervariable amino acid residues in each repeat recognize one base pair in the target DNA. Recognition sequences of TAL effectors were predicted and experimentally confirmed. The modular protein architecture enabled the construction of artificial effectors with new specificities. Our study describes the functionality of a distinct type of DNA binding domain and allows the design of DNA binding domains for biotechnology.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Broad specificity profiling of TALENs results in engineered nucleases with improved DNA-cleavage specificity
John Paul Guilinger,Vikram Pattanayak,Deepak Reyon,Shengdar Q. Tsai,Jeffry D. Sander,J. Keith Joung,David R. Liu +6 more
TL;DR: A TALEN variant is engineered that exhibits equal on-target cleavage activity but tenfold lower average off-target activity in human cells, suggesting that excessive DNA-binding energy can lead to reduced TALen specificity in cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism
Melissa G. Mitchum,Richard S. Hussey,Thomas J. Baum,Xiaohong Wang,Axel A. Elling,Martin J. Wubben,Eric L. Davis +6 more
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet-secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr.
Journal ArticleDOI
TALEs of genome targeting.
TL;DR: New tools for site-specific genome targeting in human cells are generated from TALE proteins, paving the way for new approaches to personalized medicine.
Journal ArticleDOI
CRISPR/Cas9 and Genome Editing in Drosophila
Andrew R. Bassett,Ji-Long Liu +1 more
TL;DR: The recent techniques that apply the CRISPR/Cas9 system to Drosophila are discussed, potential uses for this technology are highlighted, and the future of genome engineering in this model organism is speculated upon.
Patent
Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using particle delivery components
TL;DR: In this paper, delivery particle formulations and/or systems comprising one or more components of a CRISPR-Cas system, which are means for targeting sites for delivery are provided.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The plant immune system
TL;DR: A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production and provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and evolution across biological kingdoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation Tagging Identifies a Conserved MYB Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis
TL;DR: A novel approach for enhancing the accumulation of natural products based on activation tagging by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with a T-DNA that carries cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer sequences at its right border is reported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Innate immunity in plants : an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens
Thomas Boller,Sheng Yang He +1 more
TL;DR: It turns out that the important contribution of PTI to disease resistance is masked by pathogen virulence effectors that have evolved to suppress it.
Journal ArticleDOI
High-frequency modification of plant genes using engineered zinc-finger nucleases
Jeffrey A. Townsend,David A. Wright,Ronnie J. Winfrey,Fengli Fu,Morgan L. Maeder,J. Keith Joung,Daniel F. Voytas +6 more
TL;DR: High-frequency ZFN-stimulated gene targeting at endogenous plant genes, namely the tobacco acetolactate synthase genes (ALS SuRA and SuRB), for which specific mutations are known to confer resistance to imidazolinone and sulphonylurea herbicides are demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
A bacterial effector acts as a plant transcription factor and induces a cell size regulator.
TL;DR: It is shown that AvrBs3 induces the expression of a master regulator of cell size, upa20, which encodes a transcription factor containing a basic helix-loop-helix domain that provokes developmental reprogramming of host cells by mimicking eukaryotic transcription factors.