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Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly

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TLDR
A human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional organoid culture system that develops various discrete, although interdependent, brain regions that include a cerebral cortex containing progenitor populations that organize and produce mature cortical neuron subtypes is developed.
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain has made it difficult to study many brain disorders in model organisms, highlighting the need for an in vitro model of human brain development Here we have developed a human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional organoid culture system, termed cerebral organoids, that develop various discrete, although interdependent, brain regions These include a cerebral cortex containing progenitor populations that organize and produce mature cortical neuron subtypes Furthermore, cerebral organoids are shown to recapitulate features of human cortical development, namely characteristic progenitor zone organization with abundant outer radial glial stem cells Finally, we use RNA interference and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells to model microcephaly, a disorder that has been difficult to recapitulate in mice We demonstrate premature neuronal differentiation in patient organoids, a defect that could help to explain the disease phenotype Together, these data show that three-dimensional organoids can recapitulate development and disease even in this most complex human tissue

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Structurally Dynamic Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Pursuing a Fine Balance between Macroscopic Stability and Microscopic Dynamics.

TL;DR: Dynamic hydrogels as mentioned in this paper can better mimic the dynamics and functions of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) in soft tissues, providing an important means to understand the mechanisms by which cells sense and remodel their surrounding microenvironments.
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Organ-on-e-chip: Three-dimensional self-rolled biosensor array for electrical interrogations of human electrogenic spheroids

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Is this a brain which I see before me? Modeling human neural development with pluripotent stem cells.

TL;DR: This Review examines stem cell-based approaches to analysing human brain development, from specification of particular cell types to building neuronal networks.
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3D heterogeneous islet organoid generation from human embryonic stem cells using a novel engineered hydrogel platform.

TL;DR: The Amikagel -facilitated platform ideal for islet organoid engineering is established, which allowed fine control over the integration of multiple cell populations to produce heterogeneous spheroids, which is a necessity for complex organoids engineering.
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Synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases: an overview of induced pluripotent stem-cell-based disease models.

TL;DR: This review discusses synaptic dysfunction in prototype neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing overlapping features of synaptopathy that have been suggested by studies using induced pluripotent stem-cell-based systems.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.

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Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: iPS cells competent for germline chimaeras can be obtained from fibroblasts, but retroviral introduction of c-Myc should be avoided for clinical application.
Journal ArticleDOI

A ROCK inhibitor permits survival of dissociated human embryonic stem cells

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Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss how these features change during development from neuroepithelial to radial glial cells, and how this transition affects cell fate and neurogenesis.
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