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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift.

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TLDR
A new paradigm to study innate immune cells following TBI is proposed that moves away from the existing M1/M2 classification of activation states toward a stimulus- and disease-specific understanding of polarization state based on transcriptomic and proteomic profiling.
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This article is published in Neuron.The article was published on 2017-09-13 and is currently open access. It has received 450 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neuroimmunology & Traumatic brain injury.

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Repopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner

TL;DR: It is concluded that microglia in the mammalian brain can be manipulated to adopt a neuroprotective and pro-regenerative phenotype that can aid repair and alleviate the cognitive deficits arising from brain injury.
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Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury.

TL;DR: A translational synopsis of present and future strategies targeting CE after TBI in the context of a paradigm shift towards precision medicine is provided.
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The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system.

TL;DR: An overview of cerebrovascular anatomy is provided, focusing on the blood-CNS interface and how anatomical variations influence steady-state immunology in the compartment, and how CNS vasculature is affected by and influences the development of different pathophysiological states.
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MicroRNAs in Neuroinflammation: Implications in Disease Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Applications.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize the mode of regulation for several important and well-studied microRNAs in the context of neuroinflammation, includingmiR-155, miR-146a, miM-124,MiR-21 and let-7, and the pathological consequences of miRNA deregulation during disorders that feature neuro inflammation are discussed.
References
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The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta.

TL;DR: In this article, the inflammasome is identified as a caspase-activating complex that comprises caspases-1, casp-5, Pycard/Asc, and NALP1, a Pyrin domain-containing protein sharing structural homology with NODs.
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Tolerance, danger, and the extended family.

TL;DR: The possibility that the immune system does not care about self and non-self, that its primary driving force is the need to detect and protect against danger, and that it does not do the job alone, but receives positive and negative communications from an extended network of other bodily tissues is discussed.
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Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo

TL;DR: Using in vivo two-photon imaging in neocortex, it is found that microglial cells are highly active in their presumed resting state, continually surveying their microenvironment with extremely motile processes and protrusions.
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Astrocytes: biology and pathology

TL;DR: Astrocyte functions in healthy CNS, mechanisms and functions of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, and ways in which reactive astrocytes may cause or contribute to specific CNS disorders and lesions are reviewed.
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Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

TL;DR: Results identify microglia as an ontogenically distinct population in the mononuclear phagocyte system and have implications for the use of embryonically derived microglial progenitors for the treatment of various brain disorders.
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