Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis in Over 18 000 Subjects
Sander V. Haijma,Neeltje E.M. van Haren,Wiepke Cahn,P. Cédric M. P. Koolschijn,Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol,René S. Kahn +5 more
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Brain loss in schizophrenia is related to a combination of (early) neurodevelopmental processes-reflected in intracranial volume reduction-as well as illness progression.Abstract:
Although structural brain alterations in schizophrenia have been demonstrated extensively, their quantitative distribution has not been studied over the last 14 years despite advances in neuroimaging. Moreover, a volumetric meta-analysis has not been conducted in antipsychotic-naive patients. Therefore, meta-analysis on cross-sectional volumetric brain alterations in both medicated and antipsychotic-naive patients was conducted. Three hundred seventeen studies published from September 1, 1998 to January 1, 2012 comprising over 9000 patients were selected for meta-analysis, including 33 studies in antipsychotic-naive patients. In addition to effect sizes, potential modifying factors such as duration of illness, sex composition, current antipsychotic dose, and intelligence quotient matching status of participants were extracted where available. In the sample of medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 8327), intracranial and total brain volume was significantly decreased by 2.0% (effect size d = -0.17) and 2.6% (d = -0.30), respectively. Largest effect sizes were observed for gray matter structures, with effect sizes ranging from -0.22 to -0.58. In the sample of antipsychotic-naive patients (n = 771), volume reductions in caudate nucleus (d = -0.38) and thalamus (d = -0.68) were more pronounced than in medicated patients. White matter volume was decreased to a similar extent in both groups, while gray matter loss was less extensive in antipsychotic-naive patients. Gray matter reduction was associated with longer duration of illness and higher dose of antipsychotic medication at time of scanning. Therefore, brain loss in schizophrenia is related to a combination of (early) neurodevelopmental processes-reflected in intracranial volume reduction-as well as illness progression.read more
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Are structural brain changes in schizophrenia related to antipsychotic medication? A narrative review of the evidence from a clinical perspective.
TL;DR: The case against antipsychotics is not proven and the jury is out on any significance of putative antipsychotic-induced brain changes, as the balance of probabilities is that antippsychotic drugs do not cause adverse structural brain changes in schizophrenia.
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Metabolic pathways in the periphery and brain: Contribution to mental disorders?
TL;DR: It is concluded that schizophrenia and affective disorders are not limited to an imbalance in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in the brain and are also systemic disorders that can be considered, to some extent, as metabolic disorders.
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An Association Study on the Cognitive Function and the Cerebral Grey Matter Volume of Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia
TL;DR: There are general impairments in the neuro-cognitive functions and facial emotion cognitive functions of patients with first-episode schizophrenia, and the results suggest that brain areas with abnormal grey matter volumes are likely to be the brain structure and functional basis of the cognitive impairments.
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Global brain volume reductions in a sub-chronic phencyclidine animal model for schizophrenia and their relationship to recognition memory:
TL;DR: A sustained sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficit in novel object recognition is accompanied by global brain volume reductions in female Lister Hooded rats, indicating some functional relevance.
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Three-dimensional alteration of neurites in schizophrenia
Ryuta Mizutani,Rino Saiga,Akihisa Takeuchi,Kentaro Uesugi,Yasuko Terada,Yoshio Suzuki,Vincent De Andrade,Francesco De Carlo,Susumu Takekoshi,Chie Inomoto,Naoya Nakamura,Itaru Kushima,Shuji Iritani,Norio Ozaki,Soichiro Ide,Kazutaka Ikeda,Kenichi Oshima,Masanari Itokawa,Makoto Arai +18 more
TL;DR: In this article, nano-CT analysis of brain tissues of schizophrenia and control cases revealed that neuronal structures vary between individuals, the mean curvature of distal neurites of the schizophrenia cases was 1.5 times higher than that of the controls, and dendritic spines were categorized into two geometrically distinctive groups.
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