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Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis in Over 18 000 Subjects

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TLDR
Brain loss in schizophrenia is related to a combination of (early) neurodevelopmental processes-reflected in intracranial volume reduction-as well as illness progression.
Abstract
Although structural brain alterations in schizophrenia have been demonstrated extensively, their quantitative distribution has not been studied over the last 14 years despite advances in neuroimaging. Moreover, a volumetric meta-analysis has not been conducted in antipsychotic-naive patients. Therefore, meta-analysis on cross-sectional volumetric brain alterations in both medicated and antipsychotic-naive patients was conducted. Three hundred seventeen studies published from September 1, 1998 to January 1, 2012 comprising over 9000 patients were selected for meta-analysis, including 33 studies in antipsychotic-naive patients. In addition to effect sizes, potential modifying factors such as duration of illness, sex composition, current antipsychotic dose, and intelligence quotient matching status of participants were extracted where available. In the sample of medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 8327), intracranial and total brain volume was significantly decreased by 2.0% (effect size d = -0.17) and 2.6% (d = -0.30), respectively. Largest effect sizes were observed for gray matter structures, with effect sizes ranging from -0.22 to -0.58. In the sample of antipsychotic-naive patients (n = 771), volume reductions in caudate nucleus (d = -0.38) and thalamus (d = -0.68) were more pronounced than in medicated patients. White matter volume was decreased to a similar extent in both groups, while gray matter loss was less extensive in antipsychotic-naive patients. Gray matter reduction was associated with longer duration of illness and higher dose of antipsychotic medication at time of scanning. Therefore, brain loss in schizophrenia is related to a combination of (early) neurodevelopmental processes-reflected in intracranial volume reduction-as well as illness progression.

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Citations
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Cortico-thalamic dysconnection in early-stage schizophrenia: a functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging study.

TL;DR: Increased FC of the thalamus with the inferior occipital cortex was positively associated with negative PANSS scores and negatively correlated with Personal and Social Performance Scale scores in early-stage schizophrenia.

Neurodevelopmental disorders with comorbid affective disorders sometimes produce psychiatric conditions traditionally diagnosed as schizophrenia

TL;DR: The knowledge in psychiatric genetics, neuroanatomy, functional neuroan atomy, Neuropsychology, neuropsychopharmacology and clinical psychiatry, has immensely increased in the last decades.
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Structural and diffusion MRI based schizophrenia classification using 2D pretrained and 3D naive Convolutional Neural Networks.

TL;DR: In this article , a deep feature approach based on pre-trained 2D CNN and naive 3D CNN models trained from scratch for schizophrenia classification by integrating 3D structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data was developed.
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Association between frailty and its individual components with the risk of falls in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

TL;DR: Frailty is highly prevalent in patients with chronic schizophrenia and is associated with the risk of adverse clinical events and the mechanisms underlying the relationship between schizophrenia and frailty are explored in an attempt to develop an appropriate treatment plan for improving clinical outcomes.
References
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Book

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