Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination
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This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection, finding some vaccines have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.Abstract:
This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals.
Davide F. Robbiani,Davide F. Robbiani,Christian Gaebler,Frauke Muecksch,Julio C. C. Lorenzi,Zijun Wang,Alice Cho,Marianna Agudelo,Christopher O. Barnes,Anna Gazumyan,Shlomo Finkin,Thomas Hagglof,Thiago Y. Oliveira,Charlotte Viant,Arlene Hurley,Hans Heinrich Hoffmann,Katrina G. Millard,Rhonda G. Kost,Melissa Cipolla,Kristie Gordon,Filippo Bianchini,Spencer T. Chen,Victor A. Ramos,Roshni Patel,Juan Dizon,Irina Shimeliovich,Pilar Mendoza,Harald Hartweger,Lilian Nogueira,Maggi Pack,Jill Horowitz,Fabian Schmidt,Yiska Weisblum,Eleftherios Michailidis,Alison W. Ashbrook,Eric Waltari,John E. Pak,Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman,Nicholas Koranda,Pauline R. Hoffman,Anthony P. West,Charles M. Rice,Theodora Hatziioannou,Pamela J. Bjorkman,Paul D. Bieniasz,Paul D. Bieniasz,Marina Caskey,Michel C. Nussenzweig,Michel C. Nussenzweig +48 more
TL;DR: Most convalescent plasma samples obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity, and rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immune-Correlates Analysis of an HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trial
Barton F. Haynes,Peter B. Gilbert,M. Juliana McElrath,Susan Zolla-Pazner,Georgia D. Tomaras,S. Munir Alam,David T. Evans,David C. Montefiori,Chitraporn Karnasuta,Ruengpueng Sutthent,Hua-Xin Liao,Anthony L. DeVico,George K. Lewis,Constance Williams,Abraham Pinter,Youyi Fong,Holly Janes,Allan C. deCamp,Yunda Huang,Mangala Rao,Erik Billings,Nicos Karasavvas,Merlin L. Robb,Viseth Ngauy,Mark de Souza,Robert Paris,Guido Ferrari,Robert T. Bailer,Kelly A. Soderberg,Charla Andrews,Phillip W. Berman,Nicole Frahm,Stephen C. De Rosa,Michael D. Alpert,Nicole L. Yates,Xiaoying Shen,Richard A. Koup,Punnee Pitisuttithum,Jaranit Kaewkungwal,Sorachai Nitayaphan,Supachai Rerks-Ngarm,Nelson L. Michael,Jerome H. Kim +42 more
TL;DR: V vaccines that are designed to induce higher levels of V1V2 antibodies and lower levels of Env-specific IgA antibodies than are induced by the RV144 vaccine may have improved efficacy against HIV-1 infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vaccine Adjuvants: Putting Innate Immunity to Work
TL;DR: There remains a need for improved adjuvants that enhance protective antibody responses, especially in populations that respond poorly to current vaccines, and the larger challenge is to develop vaccines that generate strong T cell immunity with purified or recombinant vaccine antigens.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity.
Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher,Sydney I. Ramirez,Sydney I. Ramirez,Jennifer M. Dan,Jennifer M. Dan,Alba Grifoni,Kathryn M. Hastie,Daniela Weiskopf,Simon Bélanger,Robert K. Abbott,Christina K. Kim,Jinyong Choi,Yu Kato,Eleanor G. Crotty,Cheryl Kim,Stephen A. Rawlings,Jose Mateus,Longping V. Tse,April Frazier,Ralph S. Baric,Bjoern Peters,Jason A. Greenbaum,Erica Ollmann Saphire,Erica Ollmann Saphire,Davey M. Smith,Alessandro Sette,Alessandro Sette,Shane Crotty,Shane Crotty +28 more
TL;DR: A combined examination of all three branches of adaptive immunity at the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and neutralizing antibody responses in acute and convalescent subjects suggested roles for both CD4 plus T cells in protective immunity in COVID-19.
Journal ArticleDOI
Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants.
Yiska Weisblum,Fabian Schmidt,Fengwen Zhang,Justin DaSilva,Daniel Poston,Julio C. C. Lorenzi,Frauke Muecksch,Magdalena Rutkowska,Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann,Eleftherios Michailidis,Christian Gaebler,Marianna Agudelo,Alice Cho,Zijun Wang,Anna Gazumyan,Melissa Cipolla,Larry L. Luchsinger,Christopher D. Hillyer,Marina Caskey,Davide F. Robbiani,Davide F. Robbiani,Charles M. Rice,Michel C. Nussenzweig,Michel C. Nussenzweig,Theodora Hatziioannou,Paul D. Bieniasz,Paul D. Bieniasz +26 more
TL;DR: It is shown that functional SARS-CoV-2 S protein variants with mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain that confer resistance to monoclonal antibodies or convalescent plasma can be readily selected.
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