다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

B and T lymphocytes are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells in the periphery capture and process antigens, express lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules, migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune responses. They not only activate lymphocytes, they also tolerize T cells to antigens that are innate to the body (self-antigens), thereby minimizing autoimmune reactions. Once a neglected cell type, dendritic cells can now be readily obtained in sufficient quantities to allow molecular and cell biological analysis. With knowledge comes the realization that these cells are a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

Dendritic cells and the control of immunity

Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).

/pdf/exosome-mediated-transfer-of-mrnas-and-micrornas-is-a-novel-9o52kfcb0e.pdf

Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

The development and use of multi-hole pressure probes for measurements in time-varying flows is outlined. An FFT-based dynamic calibration technique is used that permits enhanced dynamic response from relatively robust probes. To enable high turbulence flows to be measured, including flow reversals, a probe with an extended cone of acceptance is described including validation in a variety of turbulent and smooth flows. The pressure-based probes can be used for a range of measurements that would normally be outside the scope of HWA, LDA and PIV. Some applications are described.

/pdf/the-development-and-use-of-dynamic-pressure-probes-with-3hkvkqi3iw.pdf

The Development and Use of Dynamic Pressure Probes With Extended Cones of Acceptance (ECA)

Comparison of a High Blockage Wind Tunnel, an Open Jet Wind Tunnel and On-road Testing with Respect to External Surface Pressures

Permission was received from NIH and the FDA to undertake a phaseI clinical study to determine the safety and feasibility of the retroviral, ex vivo transfer of a human IL-1Ra cDNA to human rheumatoid joints. Eligible patients were post-menopausal females with end-stage RA requiring replacement of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of one hand and also requiring surgery on at least one other joint. The latter surgery provided the opportunity to recover autologous synovial tissue from which to establish synovial cell cultures. Half of each patients' cells were transduced with the retrovirus MFG-IRAP, while the other half remained as untransduced controls. After safety testing of both sets of cells, the autologous synoviocytes were injected into the subjects' MCP joints; in a double-blinded manner, two joints received the genetically modified cells, and two joints received control cells. One week later, all four MCP joints were surgically removed during joint replacement surgery and the retrieved joint tissues analyzed for transgene expression. Nine patients were treated in a dose-escalation manner, receiving from 106–107 cells per MCP joint.

All patients tolerated the procedure well, and no adverse events related to the study were reported. Transcripts originating from the transgene were detected by RT-PCR in all joints that received genetically modified cells, but in only one of the control joints. Analysis of certain samples by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed that cells expressing the transgene were located in clumps on the synovial surface. Synovial cells were recovered from the retrieved tissues and placed into cell culture. Concentrations of IL-1Ra were higher in media conditioned by cells recovered from genetically modified joints than in media conditioned by cells from control joints. Although the design of the study precluded assessment of clinical efficacy, several patients reported symptomatic improvement; this was attributed to a placebo effect.

These data confirm that it is possible to transfer genes to human, arthritic joints and to express those genes intra-articularly in a manner that is safe and acceptable to patients. This encourages further development of gene therapies for the treatment of arthritis in humans.

/pdf/transfer-and-intra-articular-expression-of-the-il-1ra-cdna-1onyd485bx.pdf

Transfer and intra-articular expression of the IL-1Ra cDNA in human rheumatoid joints

This unit describes sample preparation and sectioning methods for frozen tissue. Sections of this type are used in a variety of light microscopic procedures including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme histochemistry.

Simon C. Watkins

Papers

The Development and Use of Dynamic Pressure Probes With Extended Cones of Acceptance (ECA)

Comparison of a High Blockage Wind Tunnel, an Open Jet Wind Tunnel and On-road Testing with Respect to External Surface Pressures

Transfer and intra-articular expression of the IL-1Ra cDNA in human rheumatoid joints

UNIT 14.2 Cryosectioning

Effect of Cross-Winds on Motor Car Engine Cooling