다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

B and T lymphocytes are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells in the periphery capture and process antigens, express lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules, migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune responses. They not only activate lymphocytes, they also tolerize T cells to antigens that are innate to the body (self-antigens), thereby minimizing autoimmune reactions. Once a neglected cell type, dendritic cells can now be readily obtained in sufficient quantities to allow molecular and cell biological analysis. With knowledge comes the realization that these cells are a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

Dendritic cells and the control of immunity

Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell. In vitro translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called "exosomal shuttle RNA" (esRNA).

/pdf/exosome-mediated-transfer-of-mrnas-and-micrornas-is-a-novel-9o52kfcb0e.pdf

Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

Flapping flight is considered from the perspectives of the history of human-powered aviation and the relatively recent technological developments in micro air vehicles. Propulsion and control issues are examined for three types of aircraft configuration; fixed wing, rotating wing and flapping. The typical flight environment of nature's fliers and micro air vehicles is documented and shown to be characterised by relatively high levels of turbulence inherent in the lower levels of the atmospheric boundary layer. This highly dynamic environment can result in large rolling moment inputs which reduce only slightly as wingspans reduce, whereas the resistance to roll inputs decreases rapidly with wingspan. It was concluded that flapping wing propulsion is not beneficial for micro air vehicles per se but the high level of control authority afforded by large wing movements is useful in countering the effects of turbulence and for precise control.

Propulsion and Control Issues for MAVs

Percutaneous coronary intervention is currently used to treat coronary atherosclerosis but is plagued by restenosis. The atherosclerotic plaque acts as a barrier, preventing the delivery of drugs or gene therapy to prevent restenosis. The authors hypothesize that microfabricated probes, manufactured using silicon fabrication technology, can penetrate through atherosclerotic plaque, creating paths for therapeutic delivery. Two sets of microfabricated probes (65/spl plusmn/15 and 140/spl plusmn/20 /spl mu/m) were deployed in normal and atherosclerotic rabbit iliac artery segments (n=5 each) under distention pressures of 100, 200, 300, and 500 mmHg, to simulate deployed stents. The tissues were fixed while the probes remained in place and analyzed using standard SEM, TEM and light microscopy techniques to evaluate the extent and nature of vessel penetration. In healthy tissue, microprobes are able to pierce the internal elastic lamina and penetrate the media, with the highest probes nearly reaching the media/adventitia boundary. Atherosclerotic plaque is pierced by microprobes at all intraluminal pressures examined. These results indicate that microprobes may serve as a technique to penetrate the atherosclerotic plaque for the purpose of delivering therapeutics beyond the plaque.

/pdf/microfabricated-device-for-arterial-wall-and-atherosclerotic-230qck0lvz.pdf

Microfabricated device for arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaque penetration

Flow separation behind the A-pillar region can lead to aero-acoustics generation, which presents problems such as annoyance and discomfort to vehicle occupants (Hucho, 1998). The propagation of aerodynamic noise surrounding the vehicle can be modelled numerically in order to investigate the aero-acoustics source and hence minimise the problems. This paper attempts to investigate one of the several methods available to model aeroacoustics propagation. In this paper, three generic vehicle scale models with different windshield radii were used as a case study and modelled using CAA under laboratory operating conditions. CAA modelling was conducted using a commercial code called AVL SWIFT-CAA. AVL SWIFT-CAA offered a more economical avenue to model for CAA. Investigations were carried out at inlet velocity of 60, 100 and 140km/h at 0o and 15 yaw angles. Comparisons were conducted between CAA results and experimental results of Alam (2000) to investigate the capabilities of the SWIFT-CAA modelling capabilities.

Computational aero-acoustics of vehicle a-pillar at various windshield radii

Author response: EGF receptor signaling, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and endocytosis in tumors in vivo

Expanded CAG nucleotide repeats are the underlying genetic cause of at least 14 incurable diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD). The toxicity associated with many CAG repeat expansions is thought to be due to the translation of the CAG repeat to create a polyQ protein, which forms toxic oligomers and aggregates. However, recent studies show that HD CAG repeats undergo a non-canonical form of translation called Repeat-associated non-AUG dependent (RAN) translation. RAN translation of the CAG sense and CUG anti-sense RNAs produces six distinct repeat peptides: polyalanine (polyAla, from both CAG and CUG repeats), polyserine (polySer), polyleucine (polyLeu), polycysteine (polyCys), and polyglutamine (polyGln). The toxic potential of individual CAG-derived RAN polypeptides is not well understood. We developed pure C. elegans protein models for each CAG RAN polypeptide using codon-varied expression constructs that preserve RAN protein sequence but eliminate repetitive CAG/CUG RNA. While all RAN polypeptides formed aggregates, only polyLeu was consistently toxic across multiple cell types. In GABAergic neurons, which exhibit significant neurodegeneration in HD patients, codon-varied (Leu)38, but not (Gln)38, caused substantial neurodegeneration and motility defects. Our studies provide the first in vivo evaluation of CAG-derived RAN polypeptides and suggest that polyQ-independent mechanisms, such as RAN-translated polyLeu peptides, may have a significant pathological role in CAG repeat expansion disorders.

https://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/12/20/2019.12.20.884254.full-text.pdf

Simon C. Watkins

Papers

Propulsion and Control Issues for MAVs

Microfabricated device for arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaque penetration

Computational aero-acoustics of vehicle a-pillar at various windshield radii

Author response: EGF receptor signaling, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and endocytosis in tumors in vivo

PolyQ-independent toxicity associated with novel translational products from CAG repeat expansions