Jewish Hospital

About: Jewish Hospital is a healthcare organization based out in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Antigen & Population. The organization has 3881 authors who have published 3414 publications receiving 123044 citations.

The Inheritance of Allergic Disease

Abstract: There seems to be no unanimity of opinion as to the mode of transmission of allergic disease. According to Cooke and Vander Veer (1) and Spain and Cooke (2), allergy is transmitted as a simple Mendelian dominant. In direct contrast, Adkinson (3) maintains that her findings favor a recessive mechanism. Furthermore, Richards and Balyeat (4) suggest that the condition is inherited as a "partial dominant." An analysis of our own (5, 6) family studies (66 complete families with 250 children), as well as data already published, failed to support either the simple dominant or recessive theory. The dominant theory does not explain why in more than half of the pedigrees both parents are normal. The recessive theory is refuted by the existence of pedigrees in which both parents are affected, yet some of the children are normal. The author presents for consideration a new theory of heredity of allergic disease. Under this theory, allergic disease is transmitted by means of a single pair of allelomorphic genes, H and h, where h determines allergy, and H is the contrasting normal gene. Three different genotypes are possible. (1) Genotype HH—pure normal. (2) Genotype hh—pure allergic. In individuals of this genotype, symptoms of allergic disease appear before the age of ten years. (3) Genotype Hh—The majority of these individuals remain apparently normal throughout life, though they transmit the abnormal gene h. Depending upon environmental conditions, a certain proportion will develop allergic disease, but the symptoms do not appear until after puberty. The existence of two sorts of allergic individuals is supported by their bimodal distribution when classified according to age of onset. Moreover, statistical analysis of the authors' own findings (5) in family studies and data previously published

Immune function in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

Abstract: The spectrum of illness attributed to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) includes patients with symptoms persisting for more than 1 year without any other obvious underlying disease. High titers of antibodies to EBV, either IgG antiviral capsid antigen or anti-early antigen, can be demonstrated. In this study, 13 patients diagnosed as having chronic active EBV infection were examined to determine aspects of their immunologic status. Morphological examination and fluorescent antibody analysis revealed no abnormalities in the phenotypes of peripheral blood white cells present in these patients. Compared to those from healthy control individuals, mononuclear cells from the patients showed a markedly depressed ability to produce both interleukin-2 and interferon after stimulation with mitogen and a phorbol ester. Studies of natural killer (NK) cell activity revealed that unfractionated mononuclear cells from patients with chronic active EBV infection were significantly lower in killing activity compared to the control group. Fractionation procedures to enrich for large granular lymphocytes resulted in an increase in NK activity for all individuals, but killing activity still remained slightly lower in the patients than in the control group. The dysfunctions which were found in patients with chronic active EBV infection may reflect a primary defect in natural immune functions of the patients predisposing them to a chronic or intermittent clinical disease rather than a self-limiting illness. Alternatively, the abnormalities detected in these experiments may be a result of the viral infection itself.

Neuromuscular Retraining Intervention Programs: Do They Reduce Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Rates in Adolescent Female Athletes?

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify neuromuscular training intervention programs that significantly reduced the incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates in female adolescent athletes. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to determine the outcome of ACL neuromuscular retraining programs in a specific population. The inclusion criteria were English language, published from 1994-2013, original clinical trials, all evidence levels, female athletes aged 19 years or younger, and noncontact ACL injury incidence rates determined by athlete-exposures. Results: Of 694 articles identified, 8 met the inclusion criteria. Three training programs significantly reduced noncontact ACL injury incidence rates in female adolescent athletes. These were the Sportsmetrics, Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance, and Knee Injury Prevention programs. The estimated number of athletes who needed to train to prevent 1 ACL injury in these 3 studies ranged from 70 to 98, and the relative risk reduction ranged from 75% to 100%. Five programs did not significantly reduce noncontact ACL injury incidence rates. The ACL injury incidence rates for control subjects were lower in these studies (0.03 to 0.08 per 1,000 athlete-exposures) than in those investigations that had a significant effect (0.21 to 0.49 per 1,000 athlete-exposures). There was wide variability among all programs in the frequency, duration, and timing of training; how training was conducted, supervised, or controlled; the components of the program; how exposure data were calculated; noncontact ACL injury incidence rates in the control groups; and compliance with training. Conclusions: Three ACL intervention programs successfully reduced noncontact ACL injury incidence rates in female adolescent athletes. Pooling of data of all ACL intervention programs is not recommended because of numerous methodologic differences among studies. Level of Evidence: Level II, systematic review of Level I and II studies.