Manipal University

About: Manipal University is a education organization based out in Manipal, Karnataka, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 9525 authors who have published 11207 publications receiving 110687 citations.

Antimycobacterial susceptibility evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid benz-hydrazone in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is the single largest infectious disease which requires a prolonged treatment regime with multiple drugs. The present treatment for TB includes frequent administration of a combination of four drugs for a duration of 6 months. This leads to patient’s noncompliance, in addition to developing drug-resistant strains which makes treatment more difficult. The formulation of drugs with biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) promises to overcome this problem. Materials and methods: In this study, we focus on two important drugs used for TB treatment – rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) – and report a detailed study of RIF-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs and INH modified as INH benz-hydrazone (IH2) which gives the same therapeutic effect as INH but is more stable and enhances the drug loading in PLGA NPs by 15-fold compared to INH. The optimized formulation was characterized using particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The drug release from NPs and stability of drug were tested in different pH conditions. Results: It was found that RIF and IH2 loaded in NPs release in a slow and sustained manner over a period of 1 month and they are more stable in NPs formulation compared to the free form. RIF- and IH2-loaded NPs were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. RIF loaded in PLGA NPs consistently inhibited the growth at 70% of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pure RIF (MIC level 1 μg/mL), and pure IH2 and IH2-loaded NPs showed inhibition at MIC equivalent to the MIC of INH (0.1 μg/mL). Conclusion: These results show that NP formulations will improve the efficacy of drug delivery for TB treatment.

Antagonistic effects of Zingerone, a phenolic alkanone against radiation-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells growing in vitro.

Abstract: Zingerone (ZO), a dietary phenolic compound was investigated for its ability to protect against radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in Chinese hamster fibroblast cells (V79) Cells treated with optimal dose of ZO (25 μg/ml), 1 h prior radiation exposure resulted in a significant (P<001) elevation of cell survival and decreased the genotoxicity (micronuclei and comet assays) Further, pretreatment with ZO significantly reduced radiation-induced oxidative stress as indicated by decreased reactive oxygen species levels and inhibition of mitochondrial depolarisation The experiments conducted to evaluate the intracellular antioxidant activity in ZO-pretreated cells demonstrated a significant (P<001) increase in the various antioxidants like glutathione, gluthione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and a significant (P<001) decrease in malondialdehyde levels versus irradiation alone Further, ZO scavenged various free radicals generated in vitro (OH·, O(2)·, DPPH·, ABTS·(+) and NO·) in a dose-dependent manner The anti-apoptotic effect of ZO pretreatment was by the inhibition of the activation of capase-3, by upregulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax proteins Our study demonstrates the antagonistic effect of ZO against radiation-induced cytotoxicity Further, ZO rendered anti-genotoxic, anti-apoptotic and anti-lipid peroxidative potency, plausibly ascribable to its antioxidant/free radical scavenging ability and also by the suppression of radiation-induced oxidative stress

SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists for adults with type 2 diabetes: a clinical practice guideline

Abstract: Clinical question What are the benefits and harms of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists when added to usual care (lifestyle interventions and/or other diabetes drugs) in adults with type 2 diabetes at different risk for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes? Current practice Clinical decisions about treatment of type 2 diabetes have been led by glycaemic control for decades. SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists are traditionally used in people with elevated glucose level after metformin treatment. This has changed through trials demonstrating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) benefits independent of medications’ glucose-lowering potential. Recommendations The guideline panel issued risk-stratified recommendations concerning the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in adults with type 2 diabetes • Three or fewer cardiovascular risk factors without established CVD or CKD: Weak recommendation against starting SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists. • More than three cardiovascular risk factors without established CVD or CKD: Weak recommendation for starting SGLT-2 inhibitors and weak against starting GLP-1 receptor agonists. • Established CVD or CKD: Weak recommendation for starting SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. • Established CVD and CKD: Strong recommendation for starting SGLT-2 inhibitors and weak recommendation for starting GLP-1 receptor agonists. • For those committed to further reducing their risk for CVD and CKD outcomes: Weak recommendation for starting SGLT-2 inhibitors rather than GLP-1 receptor agonists. How this guideline was created An international panel including patients, clinicians, and methodologists created these recommendations following standards for trustworthy guidelines and using the GRADE approach. The panel applied an individual patient perspective. The evidence A linked systematic review and network meta-analysis (764 randomised trials included 421 346 participants) of benefits and harms found that SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists generally reduce overall death, and incidence of myocardial infarctions, and end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure (moderate to high certainty evidence). These medications exert different effects on stroke, hospitalisations for heart failure, and key adverse events in different subgroups. Absolute effects of benefit varied widely based on patients’ individual risk (for example, from five fewer deaths in the lowest risk to 48 fewer deaths in the highest risk, for 1000 patients treated over five years). A prognosis review identified 14 eligible risk prediction models, one of which (RECODe) informed most baseline risk estimates in evidence summaries to underpin the risk-stratified recommendations. Concerning patients’ values and preferences, the recommendations were supported by evidence from a systematic review of published literature, a patient focus group study, a practical issues summary, and a guideline panel survey. Understanding the recommendation We stratified the recommendations by the levels of risk for CVD and CKD and systematically considered the balance of benefits, harms, other considerations, and practical issues for each risk group. The strong recommendation for SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with CVD and CKD reflects what the panel considered to be a clear benefit. For all other adults with type 2 diabetes, the weak recommendations reflect what the panel considered to be a finer balance between benefits, harms, and burdens of treatment options. Clinicians using the guideline can identify their patient’s individual risk for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes using credible risk calculators such as RECODe. Interactive evidence summaries and decision aids may support well informed treatment choices, including shared decision making.

A comparative evaluation of self-reported oral hygiene practices among medical and engineering university students with access to health-promotive dental care.

Abstract: AIM This study was conducted to test the null hypothesis that no difference exists in the oral hygiene knowledge and practices of university students in different courses when they have equal opportunity to access health-promotive dental care METHODS AND MATERIALS The study was conducted using 120 students each from the medical and engineering colleges at the University of Manipal Academy of Higher Education who had easy access to the dental college within the campus which provides health-promotive dental care to all its patients A self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of questions on demographic data, oral hygiene knowledge and practices, and dental service utilization patterns was distributed among the students The data collected was analyzed using SPSS 10 version RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to the knowledge of fluoridated toothpastes, frequency of toothbrush renewal, use of dental floss, and a tongue cleaner (p < 0001) The groups were similar in all other practices including the utilization of dental services There were no significant differences between the self-reported oral hygiene knowledge and practices among medical and engineering university students, but the knowledge levels of the students were considerably lower than expected