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Journal ArticleDOI

A small jab – a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines

TLDR
New research suggests that the nonspecific effects of vaccines are related to cross-reactivity of the adaptive immune system with unrelated pathogens, and to training of the innate immune system through epigenetic reprogramming.
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This article is published in Trends in Immunology.The article was published on 2013-09-01. It has received 406 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Acquired immune system & Immune system.

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Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease

TL;DR: Proof-of-principle experimental studies support the hypothesis that trained immunity is one of the main immunological processes that mediate the nonspecific protective effects against infections induced by vaccines, such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin or measles vaccination.
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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of immunity.

TL;DR: This work has shown that Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, fumarate and citrate engage in processes related to immunity and inflammation, in both innate and adaptive immune cells.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

T cell immunodominance and maintenance of memory regulated by unexpectedly cross-reactive pathogens

TL;DR: Findings suggest an immunological paradigm in which viral infections shape the available T cell repertoire, causing alterations in the hierarchies of both the primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses elicited by subsequent viral infections.
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Memory CD8+ T cells in heterologous antiviral immunity and immunopathology in the lung.

TL;DR: The participation of pre-existing memory T cells specific to unrelated agents can alter the dynamics of mucosal immunity and disease course in response to a pathogen.
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Evidence for macrophage-mediated protection against lethal Candida albicans infection.

TL;DR: It was found that administration of PCA-2 was accompanied by an increase in the number of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells and by the activation in the spleen of cells with highly candidacidal activity in vitro, which conferred considerable protection against subsequent CA-6 challenge.
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Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial

TL;DR: The results may indicate that a two dose schedule with Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine given at 4.5 and 9 months of age has beneficial non-specific effects on children’s survival, particularly for girls and for children who have not received neonatal vitamin A.
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Cross-reactivity between hepatitis C virus and Influenza A virus determinant-specific cytotoxic T cells.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated directly that HCV-specific T cells could be induced in vivo by IV infection, exemplify that host responses to an infectious agent are influenced by cross-reactive memory cells induced by past exposure to heterologous viruses, which could have important consequences for vaccine development.
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Trending Questions (1)
How do vaccines effect people?

The paper discusses the nonspecific effects of vaccines on the immune system, suggesting that vaccines can improve the general resistance to unrelated pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms and reasons for these effects are still not fully understood.