An ancestral oomycete locus contains late blight avirulence gene Avr3a, encoding a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm
Miles R. Armstrong,Stephen C. Whisson,Leighton Pritchard,Leighton Pritchard,Jorunn I. B. Bos,Eduard Venter,Anna O. Avrova,Anne P. Rehmany,Ulrike Böhme,Karen Brooks,Inna Cherevach,N. Hamlin,Brian White,Audrey Fraser,Angela Lord,Michael A. Quail,Carol Churcher,Neil Hall,Matthew Berriman,Sanwen Huang,Sophien Kamoun,Jim Beynon,Paul R. J. Birch +22 more
TLDR
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, the potato disease that precipitated the Irish famines in 1846 and 1847, and it is suggested that Avr3a has undergone gene duplication and that an allele evading recognition by R3a arose under positive selection.Abstract:
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, the potato disease that precipitated the Irish famines in 1846 and 1847. It represents a reemerging threat to potato production and is one of >70 species that are arguably the most devastating pathogens of dicotyledonous plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular bases of pathogenicity in these algae-like organisms or of avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. Disease resistance alleles, products of which recognize corresponding avirulence molecules in the pathogen, have been introgressed into the cultivated potato from a wild species, Solanum demissum, and R1 and R3a have been identified. We used association genetics to identify Avr3a and show that it encodes a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm, where it triggers R3a-dependent cell death. Avr3a resides in a region of the P. infestans genome that is colinear with the locus containing avirulence gene ATR1NdWsB in Hyaloperonospora parasitica, an oomycete pathogen of Arabidopsis. Remarkably, distances between conserved genes in these avirulence loci were often similar, despite intervening genomic variation. We suggest that Avr3a has undergone gene duplication and that an allele evading recognition by R3a arose under positive selection.read more
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Host-microbe interactions: Shaping the evolution of the plant immune response
TL;DR: In this review, taking an evolutionary perspective, important discoveries over the last decade about the plant immune response are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans.
Brian J. Haas,Sophien Kamoun,Sophien Kamoun,Michael C. Zody,Michael C. Zody,Rays H. Y. Jiang,Rays H. Y. Jiang,Robert E. Handsaker,Liliana M. Cano,Manfred Grabherr,Chinnappa D. Kodira,Chinnappa D. Kodira,Sylvain Raffaele,Trudy Torto-Alalibo,Trudy Torto-Alalibo,Tolga O. Bozkurt,Audrey M. V. Ah-Fong,Lucia Alvarado,Vicky L. Anderson,Miles R. Armstrong,Anna O. Avrova,Laura Baxter,Jim Beynon,Petra C. Boevink,Stephanie R. Bollmann,Jorunn I. B. Bos,Vincent Bulone,Guohong Cai,Cahid Cakir,James C. Carrington,Megan Chawner,Lucio Conti,Stefano Costanzo,Richard Ewan,Noah Fahlgren,Michael A. Fischbach,Johanna Fugelstad,Eleanor M. Gilroy,Sante Gnerre,Pamela J. Green,Laura J. Grenville-Briggs,John Griffith,Niklaus J. Grünwald,Karolyn Horn,Neil R. Horner,Chia-Hui Hu,Edgar Huitema,Dong-Hoon Jeong,Alexandra M. E. Jones,Jonathan D. G. Jones,Richard W. Jones,Elinor K. Karlsson,Sridhara G. Kunjeti,Kurt Lamour,Zhenyu Liu,Li-Jun Ma,Dan MacLean,Marcus C. Chibucos,Hayes McDonald,Jessica McWalters,Harold J. G. Meijer,William Morgan,Paul Morris,Carol A. Munro,Keith O'Neill,Keith O'Neill,Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo,Andrés Pinzón,Leighton Pritchard,Bernard H Ramsahoye,Qinghu Ren,Silvia Restrepo,Sourav Roy,Ari Sadanandom,Alon Savidor,Sebastian Schornack,David C. Schwartz,Ulrike Schumann,Ben Schwessinger,Lauren Seyer,Ted Sharpe,Cristina Silvar,Jing Song,David J. Studholme,Sean M. Sykes,Marco Thines,Marco Thines,Peter J. I. van de Vondervoort,Vipaporn Phuntumart,Stephan Wawra,R. Weide,Joe Win,Carolyn A. Young,Shiguo Zhou,William E. Fry,Blake C. Meyers,Pieter van West,Jean B. Ristaino,Francine Govers,Paul R. J. Birch,Stephen C. Whisson,Howard S. Judelson,Chad Nusbaum +102 more
TL;DR: The sequence of the P. infestans genome is reported, which at ∼240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates and probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Brett M. Tyler,Sucheta Tripathy,Xuemin Zhang,Paramvir S. Dehal,Paramvir S. Dehal,Rays H. Y. Jiang,Rays H. Y. Jiang,Andrea Aerts,Andrea Aerts,Felipe D. Arredondo,Laura Baxter,Douda Bensasson,Douda Bensasson,Douda Bensasson,Jim Beynon,Jarrod Chapman,Jarrod Chapman,Jarrod Chapman,C. M. B. Damasceno,Anne E. Dorrance,Daolong Dou,Allan W. Dickerman,Inna Dubchak,Inna Dubchak,Matteo Garbelotto,Mark Gijzen,Stuart G. Gordon,Francine Govers,Niklaus J. Grünwald,Wayne Huang,Wayne Huang,Kelly Ivors,Kelly Ivors,Richard W. Jones,Sophien Kamoun,Konstantinos Krampis,Kurt Lamour,Mi-Kyung Lee,W. Hayes McDonald,MoÌnica Medina,Harold J. G. Meijer,Eric K. Nordberg,Donald J. Maclean,Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo,Paul Morris,Vipaporn Phuntumart,Nicholas H. Putnam,Nicholas H. Putnam,Sam Rash,Sam Rash,Jocelyn K. C. Rose,Yasuko Sakihama,Asaf Salamov,Asaf Salamov,Alon Savidor,Chantel F. Scheuring,Brian M. Smith,Bruno W. S. Sobral,Astrid Terry,Astrid Terry,Trudy Torto-Alalibo,Joe Win,Zhanyou Xu,Hong-Bin Zhang,Igor V. Grigoriev,Igor V. Grigoriev,Daniel S. Rokhsar,Daniel S. Rokhsar,Jeffrey L. Boore +68 more
TL;DR: Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oömycete avirulence genes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effector-Triggered Immunity: From Pathogen Perception to Robust Defense
TL;DR: In plant innate immunity, effector-triggered immunity displays remarkable robustness against pathogen disturbance, in part by employing compensatory mechanisms within the defense network.
Journal ArticleDOI
A translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells
Stephen C. Whisson,Petra C. Boevink,Lucy N. Moleleki,Anna O. Avrova,Juan G. Morales,Eleanor M. Gilroy,Miles R. Armstrong,Severine Grouffaud,Severine Grouffaud,Pieter van West,Sean Chapman,Ingo Hein,Ian K. Toth,Leighton Pritchard,Paul R. J. Birch +14 more
TL;DR: Functional analyses of two motifs, RXLR and EER, present in translocated oomycete effectors are reported, showing that RXLR-EER-encoding genes are transcriptionally upregulated during infection and 425 potential genes encoding secreted RXLR/EER class proteins in the P. infestans genome are identified.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans.
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