Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Daniel Erny,Anna Lena Hrabě de Angelis,Diego Jaitin,Peter Wieghofer,Ori Staszewski,Eyal David,Hadas Keren-Shaul,Tanel Mahlakõiv,Kristin Jakobshagen,Thorsten Buch,Vera Schwierzeck,Olaf Utermöhlen,Eunyoung Chun,Wendy S. Garrett,Kathy D. McCoy,Andreas Diefenbach,Peter Staeheli,Bärbel Stecher,Ido Amit,Marco Prinz +19 more
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TLDR
It is determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis and mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirroredmicroglia defects found under GF conditions, suggesting that host bacteria vitally regulate microglian maturation and function.Abstract:
As the tissue macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critically involved in diseases of the CNS. However, it remains unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. We observed substantial contributions of the host microbiota to microglia homeostasis, as germ-free (GF) mice displayed global defects in microglia with altered cell proportions and an immature phenotype, leading to impaired innate immune responses. Temporal eradication of host microbiota severely changed microglia properties. Limited microbiota complexity also resulted in defective microglia. In contrast, recolonization with a complex microbiota partially restored microglia features. We determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis. Accordingly, mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirrored microglia defects found under GF conditions. These findings suggest that host bacteria vitally regulate microglia maturation and function, whereas microglia impairment can be rectified to some extent by complex microbiota.read more
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Gut Microbiota Composition and Epigenetic Molecular Changes Connected to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and epigenetics and highlight vast opportunities for diagnosis and therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and highlight the potential for early diagnostic biomarkers and for the development of AD therapeutics.
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Nutritional Modulation of Innate Immunity: The Fat-Bile-Gut Connection.
TL;DR: How nutrition modulates innate immunity is summarized and recent findings regarding nutrient signaling are outlined, particularly on the collateral impact of nutrition on the microbiome and on the bile acid pool.
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The Human Microbiome and Understanding the 16S rRNA Gene in Translational Nursing Science.
TL;DR: This review describes 16S rRNA sequencing and its role in answering research questions important to nursing science, and provides an overview of the oral, lung, and gut microbiomes and relevant research.
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The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper used fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to ameliorate BCCAO-induced gut dysbiosis, cognitive decline, and depressive-like behaviors.
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The microbiota regulates murine inflammatory responses to toxin-induced CNS demyelination but has minimal impact on remyelination.
Christopher E McMurran,Alerie Guzman de la Fuente,Alerie Guzman de la Fuente,Rosana Penalva,Ofra Ben Menachem-Zidon,Ofra Ben Menachem-Zidon,Yvonne Dombrowski,John Falconer,Ginez A. Gonzalez,Chao Zhao,Fynn N. Krause,Adam Young,Julian L. Griffin,Clare A. Jones,Claire Hollins,Markus M. Heimesaat,Denise C. Fitzgerald,Robin J.M. Franklin +17 more
TL;DR: It is shown that inflammatory responses during CNS remyelination depend upon the microbiota, being modulated by antibiotics or probiotics or in germ-free mice, and that high combined doses of oral antibiotics impair oligodendrocyte progenitor cell responses during remyELination.
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