Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Daniel Erny,Anna Lena Hrabě de Angelis,Diego Jaitin,Peter Wieghofer,Ori Staszewski,Eyal David,Hadas Keren-Shaul,Tanel Mahlakõiv,Kristin Jakobshagen,Thorsten Buch,Vera Schwierzeck,Olaf Utermöhlen,Eunyoung Chun,Wendy S. Garrett,Kathy D. McCoy,Andreas Diefenbach,Peter Staeheli,Bärbel Stecher,Ido Amit,Marco Prinz +19 more
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TLDR
It is determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis and mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirroredmicroglia defects found under GF conditions, suggesting that host bacteria vitally regulate microglian maturation and function.Abstract:
As the tissue macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critically involved in diseases of the CNS. However, it remains unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. We observed substantial contributions of the host microbiota to microglia homeostasis, as germ-free (GF) mice displayed global defects in microglia with altered cell proportions and an immature phenotype, leading to impaired innate immune responses. Temporal eradication of host microbiota severely changed microglia properties. Limited microbiota complexity also resulted in defective microglia. In contrast, recolonization with a complex microbiota partially restored microglia features. We determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis. Accordingly, mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirrored microglia defects found under GF conditions. These findings suggest that host bacteria vitally regulate microglia maturation and function, whereas microglia impairment can be rectified to some extent by complex microbiota.read more
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Current Perspectives on Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Depression.
Alexander Capuco,Ivan Urits,Jamal Hasoon,Rebecca Chun,Brittany Gerald,Jason K Wang,Hisham Kassem,Anh L. Ngo,Alaa Abd-Elsayed,Thomas T. Simopoulos,Alan D. Kaye,Omar Viswanath +11 more
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of depression, and demonstrates encouraging results in the treatment of depression.
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Mid-life microbiota crises: middle age is associated with pervasive neuroimmune alterations that are reversed by targeting the gut microbiome.
Marcus Boehme,Marcel van de Wouw,Thomaz F.S. Bastiaanssen,Loreto Olavarría-Ramírez,Katriona Lyons,Fiona Fouhy,Fiona Fouhy,Anna V. Golubeva,Gerard M. Moloney,Chiara Minuto,Kiran V. Sandhu,Karen A. Scott,Gerard Clarke,Catherine Stanton,Catherine Stanton,Timothy G. Dinan,Harriët Schellekens,John F. Cryan +17 more
TL;DR: Targeting the gut microbiome with prebiotics can modulate the peripheral immune response and alter neuroinflammation in middle age, highlighting a novel strategy for the amelioration of age-related neuroinflammatory pathologies and brain function.
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The microbiome-gut-brain axis in acute and chronic brain diseases.
Corinne Benakis,Camille Martin-Gallausiaux,Jean-Pierre Trezzi,Philip Melton,Arthur Liesz,Paul Wilmes +5 more
TL;DR: The recent insights from human studies and animal models on the bi-directional communication along the microbiome-gut-brain axis in both acute and chronic brain diseases are discussed.
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Causal effects of the microbiota on immune-mediated diseases
June L. Round,Noah W. Palm +1 more
TL;DR: Recent efforts to demonstrate a causal role for the microbiota in health and disease are reviewed, experimental advances that have made these studies possible are outlined, and how changes in microbial composition may influence immune system function are highlighted.
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The fecal microbiome of ALS patients
David A. Brenner,Andreas Hiergeist,Carolin Adis,Benjamin Mayer,André Gessner,Albert C. Ludolph,Jochen H. Weishaupt +6 more
TL;DR: Conclusively, ALS patients do not exhibit a substantial alteration of the gut microbiota composition, and the 2 carefully matched groups were almost indistinguishable.
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