Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Daniel Erny,Anna Lena Hrabě de Angelis,Diego Jaitin,Peter Wieghofer,Ori Staszewski,Eyal David,Hadas Keren-Shaul,Tanel Mahlakõiv,Kristin Jakobshagen,Thorsten Buch,Vera Schwierzeck,Olaf Utermöhlen,Eunyoung Chun,Wendy S. Garrett,Kathy D. McCoy,Andreas Diefenbach,Peter Staeheli,Bärbel Stecher,Ido Amit,Marco Prinz +19 more
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TLDR
It is determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis and mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirroredmicroglia defects found under GF conditions, suggesting that host bacteria vitally regulate microglian maturation and function.Abstract:
As the tissue macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critically involved in diseases of the CNS. However, it remains unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. We observed substantial contributions of the host microbiota to microglia homeostasis, as germ-free (GF) mice displayed global defects in microglia with altered cell proportions and an immature phenotype, leading to impaired innate immune responses. Temporal eradication of host microbiota severely changed microglia properties. Limited microbiota complexity also resulted in defective microglia. In contrast, recolonization with a complex microbiota partially restored microglia features. We determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis. Accordingly, mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirrored microglia defects found under GF conditions. These findings suggest that host bacteria vitally regulate microglia maturation and function, whereas microglia impairment can be rectified to some extent by complex microbiota.read more
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Unhealthy gut, unhealthy brain: The role of the intestinal microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases.
TL;DR: An interpretation is provided for the substantial evidence that healthy intestinal microbiota have the ability to positively regulate the neuroimmune responses in the central nervous system as well as microorganism‐induced modifications to intestinal and BBB permeability.
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Altered bile acid profile in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers.
Kwangsik Nho,Alexandra Kueider-Paisley,Siamak MahmoudianDehkordi,Matthias Arnold,Shannon L. Risacher,Gregory Louie,Colette Blach,Rebecca Baillie,Xianlin Han,Gabi Kastenmüller,Wei Jia,Guoxiang Xie,Shahzad Ahmad,Thomas Hankemeier,Cornelia M. van Duijn,John Q. Trojanowski,Leslie M. Shaw,Michael W. Weiner,P. Murali Doraiswamy,Andrew J. Saykin,Rima Kaddurah-Daouk +20 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the association of BAs with the "A/T/N" (amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration) biomarkers for AD: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), atrophy (magnetic resonance imaging), and brain glucose metabolism (FDG PET).
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Aging Microglia-Phenotypes, Functions and Implications for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Björn Spittau,Björn Spittau +1 more
TL;DR: This review article summarizes the current knowledge of microglia phenotypes and functions in the aging CNS and further discusses the implications of these age-dependent microglial changes for the development and progression of AD and PD as the most common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Probiotic Supplementation in Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia - An Explorative Intervention Study
TL;DR: Results show that the supplementation of Alzheimer’s disease patients with a multispecies probiotic influences gut bacteria composition as well as tryptophan metabolism in serum and points to the activation of macrophages and/or dendritic cells.
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Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
TL;DR: Depression is closely related with the health condition of the brain–gut axis, and maintaining/restoring the normal condition of gut microbiota helps in the prevention/therapy of mental disorders.
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The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic Treg Cell Homeostasis
Patrick M. Smith,Michael R. Howitt,Nicolai Panikov,Monia Michaud,Carey Ann Gallini,Mohammad Bohlooly-Y,Jonathan N. Glickman,Wendy S. Garrett +7 more
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