Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Daniel Erny,Anna Lena Hrabě de Angelis,Diego Jaitin,Peter Wieghofer,Ori Staszewski,Eyal David,Hadas Keren-Shaul,Tanel Mahlakõiv,Kristin Jakobshagen,Thorsten Buch,Vera Schwierzeck,Olaf Utermöhlen,Eunyoung Chun,Wendy S. Garrett,Kathy D. McCoy,Andreas Diefenbach,Peter Staeheli,Bärbel Stecher,Ido Amit,Marco Prinz +19 more
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TLDR
It is determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis and mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirroredmicroglia defects found under GF conditions, suggesting that host bacteria vitally regulate microglian maturation and function.Abstract:
As the tissue macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critically involved in diseases of the CNS. However, it remains unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. We observed substantial contributions of the host microbiota to microglia homeostasis, as germ-free (GF) mice displayed global defects in microglia with altered cell proportions and an immature phenotype, leading to impaired innate immune responses. Temporal eradication of host microbiota severely changed microglia properties. Limited microbiota complexity also resulted in defective microglia. In contrast, recolonization with a complex microbiota partially restored microglia features. We determined that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulated microglia homeostasis. Accordingly, mice deficient for the SCFA receptor FFAR2 mirrored microglia defects found under GF conditions. These findings suggest that host bacteria vitally regulate microglia maturation and function, whereas microglia impairment can be rectified to some extent by complex microbiota.read more
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Aging Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Stroke Risk and Outcome
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of the tools used to study the MGBA with a discussion on limitations and potential experimental confounders is presented, as well as the current understanding of microbiota-based therapies for stroke including the use of pre/pro-biotics and supplementations with bacterial metabolites.
Book ChapterDOI
Polyphenols, the new frontiers of prebiotics.
Filomena Nazzaro,Florinda Fratianni,Vincenzo De Feo,Alberto Battistelli,Adriano G. Cruz,Raffaele Coppola +5 more
TL;DR: This short chapter wants to emphasize polyphenols and, after briefly describing the individual microbiome, to illustrate howpolyphenols can, through their influence on the microbiome, have a positive effect on the health of the individual in general, and on some pathologies in particular, for which the role of a bad status of theindividual microbiome has been definitively established.
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The gut microbiome in drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Microbial Modulation of the Development and Physiology of the Enteric Nervous System.
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Relationship of prenatal maternal obesity and diabetes to offspring neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review
Linghua Kong,Linghua Kong,Xinxia Chen,Xinxia Chen,Xinxia Chen,Mika Gissler,Mika Gissler,Mika Gissler,Catharina Lavebratt,Catharina Lavebratt +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a narrative review highlights recent epidemiological studies regarding associations of maternal obesity and diabetes with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring, and provides an overview of plausible underlying mechanisms and challenges for future human studies.
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