Rutgers University

About: Rutgers University is a education organization based out in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 68736 authors who have published 159418 publications receiving 6713860 citations. The organization is also known as: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey & Rutgers.

Research on Esophageal Cancer in China: a Review

Abstract: Research on esophageal cancer in the People's Republic of China is reviewed. Massive epidemiological studies revealed the prevalence of this disease in China, especially in the Taihang Mountain range areas in the north. Gullet cancer in chickens was also observed in the high-incidence area of Linxian in Henan, suggesting the presence of cancer-causing substances in the environment. Research on the etiology of this cancer has been pursued extensively. Moldy food and pickled vegetables were shown to contain carcinogens. In chemical etiology, nitrosamines and their precursors have received the most attention. The possible roles of trace element deficiencies in the soil, nutritional deficiencies, fungal infection, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and other factors in contributing to the high cancer incidence have been studied. The esophageal cancer problem has also been investigated at the cellular and immunological levels. Mass cytological surveys allowed many cases of early cancer to be detected and treated. Precancerous changes and the use of interventive therapy have been studied in animal models and patients. Prevention, early detection, and early treatment of this cancer have been pursued vigorously in many areas of China.

DNA packaging and organization in mammalian spermatozoa: comparison with somatic cells.

Abstract: Mammalian sperm DNA is the most tightly compacted eukaryotic DNA, being at least sixfold more highly condensed than the DNA in mitotic chromosomes. To achieve this high degree of packaging, sperm DNA interacts with protamines to form linear, side-by-side arrays of chromatin. This differs markedly from the bulkier DNA packaging of somatic cell nuclei and mitotic chromosomes, in which the DNA is coiled around histone octamers to form nucleosomes. The overall organization of mammalian sperm DNA, however, resembles that of somatic cells in that both the linear arrays of sperm chromatin and the 30-nm solenoid filaments of somatic cell chromatin are organized into loop domains attached at their bases to a nuclear matrix. In addition to the sperm nuclear matrix, sperm nuclei contain a unique structure termed the sperm nuclear annulus to which the entire complement of DNA appears to be anchored when the nuclear matrix is disrupted during decondensation. In somatic cells, proper function of DNA is dependent upon the structural organization of the DNA by the nuclear matrix, and the structural organization of sperm DNA is likely to be just as vital to the proper functioning of the spermatozoa.

The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms

Abstract: We consider the problems of societal norms for cooperation and reputation when it is possible to obtain cheap pseudonyms, something that is becoming quite common in a wide variety of interactions on the Internet. This introduces opportunities to misbehave without paying reputational consequences. A large degree of cooperation can still emerge, through a convention in which newcomers “pay their dues” by accepting poor treatment from players who have established positive reputations. One might hope for an open society where newcomers are treated well, but there is an inherent social cost in making the spread of reputations optional. We prove that no equilibrium can sustain significantly more cooperation than the dues-paying equilibrium in a repeated random matching game with a large number of players in which players have finite lives and the ability to change their identities, and there is a small but nonvanishing probability of mistakes. Although one could remove the inefficiency of mistreating newcomers by disallowing anonymity, this is not practical or desirable in a wide variety of transactions. We discuss the use of entry fees, which permits newcomers to be trusted but excludes some players withlow payoffs, th us introducing a different inefficiency. We also discuss the use of free but unreplaceable pseudonyms, and describe a mechanism that implements them using standard encryption techniques, which could be practically implemented in electronic transactions.

Uniform estimates and blow–up behavior for solutions of −δ(u)=v(x)eu in two dimensions

Abstract: (1991). Uniform estimates and blow–up behavior for solutions of −δ(u)=v(x)eu in two dimensions. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 16, No. 8-9, pp. 1223-1253.