Journal ArticleDOI
Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size.
Nathan L. Stephenson,Adrian J. Das,Richard Condit,Sabrina E. Russo,Patrick J. Baker,Noelle G. Beckman,David A. Coomes,Emily R. Lines,William K. Morris,Nadja Rüger,Eric A. Álvarez,Cecilia Blundo,Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin,George B. Chuyong,Stuart J. Davies,Alvaro Duque,Corneille E. N. Ewango,Olivier Flores,Jerry F. Franklin,Hector Ricardo Grau,Zhanqing Hao,Mark E. Harmon,Stephen P. Hubbell,David Kenfack,Yiching Lin,Jean-Remy Makana,Agustina Malizia,Lucio R. Malizia,Robert J. Pabst,Nantachai Pongpattananurak,Sheng-Hsin Su,I-Fang Sun,Sylvester Tan,Duncan W. Thomas,P. J. van Mantgem,Xugao Wang,Susan K. Wiser,Miguel A. Zavala +37 more
TLDR
A global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species shows that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size, which means large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees.Abstract:
Forests are major components of the global carbon cycle, providing substantial feedback to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Our ability to understand and predict changes in the forest carbon cycle--particularly net primary productivity and carbon storage--increasingly relies on models that represent biological processes across several scales of biological organization, from tree leaves to forest stands. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of productivity at the scales of leaves and stands, no consensus exists about the nature of productivity at the scale of the individual tree, in part because we lack a broad empirical assessment of whether rates of absolute tree mass growth (and thus carbon accumulation) decrease, remain constant, or increase as trees increase in size and age. Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species, showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree. The apparent paradoxes of individual tree growth increasing with tree size despite declining leaf-level and stand-level productivity can be explained, respectively, by increases in a tree's total leaf area that outpace declines in productivity per unit of leaf area and, among other factors, age-related reductions in population density. Our results resolve conflicting assumptions about the nature of tree growth, inform efforts to undertand and model forest carbon dynamics, and have additional implications for theories of resource allocation and plant senescence.read more
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On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively and present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter Droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter Drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter Drought can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal Drought; and (6) mortality happens rapidly
Journal ArticleDOI
Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition
Georges Kunstler,Georges Kunstler,Daniel S. Falster,David A. Coomes,Francis K. C. Hui,Robert M. Kooyman,Robert M. Kooyman,Daniel C. Laughlin,Lourens Poorter,Mark C. Vanderwel,Ghislain Vieilledent,S. Joseph Wright,Masahiro Aiba,Christopher Baraloto,Christopher Baraloto,John P. Caspersen,J. Hans C. Cornelissen,Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury,Marc Hanewinkel,Bruno Hérault,Jens Kattge,Hiroko Kurokawa,Yusuke Onoda,Josep Peñuelas,Hendrik Poorter,María Uriarte,Sarah J. Richardson,Paloma Ruiz-Benito,Paloma Ruiz-Benito,I-Fang Sun,Göran Ståhl,Nathan G. Swenson,Jill Thompson,Bertil Westerlund,Christian Wirth,Miguel A. Zavala,Hongcheng Zeng,Jess K. Zimmerman,Niklaus E. Zimmermann,Mark Westoby +39 more
TL;DR: Traits generate trade-offs between performance with competition versus performance without competition, a fundamental ingredient in the classical hypothesis that the coexistence of plant species is enabled via differentiation in their successional strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mapping tree density at a global scale
Thomas W. Crowther,Henry B. Glick,Kristofer R. Covey,C. Bettigole,Daniel S. Maynard,Stephen M. Thomas,Jeffrey R. Smith,G. Hintler,Marlyse C. Duguid,Giuseppe Amatulli,Mao-Ning Tuanmu,Walter Jetz,Walter Jetz,Christian Salas,C. Stam,Daniel Piotto,Rebecca Tavani,Simon F. Green,Simon F. Green,G. Bruce,Steven Williams,Susan K. Wiser,Markus Huber,Geerten M. Hengeveld,Gert-Jan Nabuurs,Elena B. Tikhonova,Peter Borchardt,Ching-Feng Li,L.W. Powrie,Markus Fischer,Andreas Hemp,Jürgen Homeier,P. Cho,Alexander Christian Vibrans,Peter M. Umunay,Shilong Piao,Candy Rowe,Mark S. Ashton,Peter R. Crane,Mark A. Bradford +39 more
TL;DR: This map reveals that the global number of trees is approximately 3.04 trillion, an order of magnitude higher than the previous estimate, and the globalNumber of trees has fallen by approximately 46% since the start of human civilization.
Journal ArticleDOI
CTFS-ForestGEO: A worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change
Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira,Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira,Stuart J. Davies,Stuart J. Davies,Amy C. Bennett,Erika Gonzalez-Akre,Helene C. Muller-Landau,S. Joseph Wright,Kamariah Abu Salim,Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano,Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano,Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano,Alfonso Alonso,Jennifer L. Baltzer,Yves Basset,Norman A. Bourg,Eben N. Broadbent,Eben N. Broadbent,Eben N. Broadbent,Warren Y. Brockelman,Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin,David F. R. P. Burslem,Nathalie Butt,Nathalie Butt,Min Cao,Dairon Cárdenas,George B. Chuyong,Keith Clay,Susan Cordell,H. S. Dattaraja,Xiaobao Deng,Matteo Detto,Xiaojun Du,Alvaro Duque,David L. Erikson,Corneille E. N. Ewango,Gunter A. Fischer,Christine Fletcher,Robin B. Foster,Christian P. Giardina,Gregory S. Gilbert,Gregory S. Gilbert,Nimal Gunatilleke,Savitri Gunatilleke,Zhanqing Hao,William W. Hargrove,Terese B. Hart,Billy C.H. Hau,Fangliang He,Forrest M. Hoffman,Robert W. Howe,Stephen P. Hubbell,Stephen P. Hubbell,Faith Inman-Narahari,Patrick A. Jansen,Patrick A. Jansen,Mingxi Jiang,Daniel J. Johnson,Mamoru Kanzaki,Abdul Rahman Kassim,David Kenfack,David Kenfack,Staline Kibet,Margaret F. Kinnaird,Lisa Korte,Kamil Král,Jitendra Kumar,Andrew J. Larson,Yide Li,Xiankun Li,Shirong Liu,Shawn K. Y. Lum,James A. Lutz,Keping Ma,Damian M. Maddalena,Jean-Remy Makana,Yadvinder Malhi,Toby R. Marthews,Rafizah Mat Serudin,Sean M. McMahon,Sean M. McMahon,William J. McShea,Hervé Memiaghe,Xiangcheng Mi,Takashi Mizuno,Michael D. Morecroft,Jonathan Myers,Vojtech Novotny,Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira,Perry S. Ong,David A. Orwig,Rebecca Ostertag,Jan den Ouden,Geoffrey G. Parker,Richard P. Phillips,Lawren Sack,Moses N. Sainge,Weiguo Sang,Kriangsak Sri-ngernyuang,Raman Sukumar,I-Fang Sun,Witchaphart Sungpalee,H. S. Suresh,Sylvester Tan,Sean C. Thomas,Duncan W. Thomas,Jill Thompson,Benjamin L. Turner,María Uriarte,Renato Valencia,Marta I. Vallejo,Alberto Vicentini,Tomáš Vrška,Xihua Wang,Xugao Wang,George D. Weiblen,Amy Wolf,Han Xu,Sandra L. Yap,Jess K. Zimmerman +119 more
TL;DR: The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.
References
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Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines
TL;DR: In this article, a modified Monte Carlo integration over configuration space is used to investigate the properties of a two-dimensional rigid-sphere system with a set of interacting individual molecules, and the results are compared to free volume equations of state and a four-term virial coefficient expansion.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests
Yude Pan,Richard Birdsey,Jingyun Fang,Jingyun Fang,Richard A. Houghton,Pekka E. Kauppi,Werner A. Kurz,Oliver L. Phillips,Anatoly Shvidenko,Simon L. Lewis,Josep G. Canadell,Philippe Ciais,Robert B. Jackson,Stephen W. Pacala,A. David McGuire,Shilong Piao,Aapo Rautiainen,Stephen Sitch,Daniel J. Hayes +18 more
TL;DR: The total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks, with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties.
Supporting Online Material for A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests
Yude Pan,Richard A. Birdsey,Jingyun Fang,Richard A. Houghton,Pekka E. Kauppi,Werner A. Kurz,Oliver L. Phillips,Anatoly Shvidenko,Simon L. Lewis,Philippe Ciais,Robert B. Jackson,Stephen W. Pacala,A. David McGuire,Shilong Piao,Aapo Rautiainen,Stephen Sitch,Daniel J. Hayes +16 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests
Jérôme Chave,C. Andalo,Sandra Brown,Michael A. Cairns,Jeffrey Q. Chambers,Derek Eamus,H. Fölster,François Fromard,Niro Higuchi,T. Kira,J. P. Lescure,Bruce Walker Nelson,H. Ogawa,H. Puig,B. Riera,Takuo Yamakura +15 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum
Jérôme Chave,David A. Coomes,Steven Jansen,Simon L. Lewis,Nathan G. Swenson,Amy E. Zanne,Amy E. Zanne +6 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined.
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