Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy
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Significant increases in tobacco taxes are a highly effective tobacco control strategy and lead to significant improvements in public health when some of the revenues generated are used to support tobacco control, health promotion and/or other health-related programmes.Abstract:
Background Increases in tobacco taxes are widely regarded as a highly effective strategy for reducing tobacco use and its consequences. Methods The voluminous literature on tobacco taxes is assessed, drawing heavily from seminal and recent publications reviewing the evidence on the impact of tobacco taxes on tobacco use and related outcomes, as well as that on tobacco tax administration. Results Well over 100 studies, including a growing number from low-income and middle-income countries, clearly demonstrate that tobacco excise taxes are a powerful tool for reducing tobacco use while at the same time providing a reliable source of government revenues. Significant increases in tobacco taxes that increase tobacco product prices encourage current tobacco users to stop using, prevent potential users from taking up tobacco use, and reduce consumption among those that continue to use, with the greatest impact on the young and the poor. Global experiences with tobacco taxation and tax administration have been used by WHO to develop a set of ‘best practices’ for maximising the effectiveness of tobacco taxation. Conclusions Significant increases in tobacco taxes are a highly effective tobacco control strategy and lead to significant improvements in public health. The positive health impact is even greater when some of the revenues generated by tobacco tax increases are used to support tobacco control, health promotion and/or other health-related activities and programmes. In general, oppositional arguments that higher taxes will have harmful economic effects are false or overstated.read more
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Jeffrey D. Stanaway,Ashkan Afshin,Emmanuela Gakidou,Stephen S Lim,Degu Abate,Degu Abate,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Cristiana Abbafati,Nooshin Abbasi,Nooshin Abbasi,Hedayat Abbastabar,Foad Abd-Allah,Jemal Abdela,Ahmed Abdelalim,Ibrahim Abdollahpour,Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader,Molla Abebe,Zegeye Abebe,Semaw Ferede Abera,Olifan Zewdie Abil,Haftom Niguse Abraha,Aklilu Roba Abrham,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Manfred Accrombessi,Dilaram Acharya,Dilaram Acharya,Pawan Acharya,Abdu A. Adamu,Abdu A. Adamu,Akilew Awoke Adane,Akilew Awoke Adane,Oladimeji Adebayo,Rufus A. Adedoyin,Victor Adekanmbi,Zanfina Ademi,Olatunji O. Adetokunboh,Olatunji O. Adetokunboh,Mina G. Adib,Amha Admasie,Jose C. Adsuar,Kossivi Agbelenko Afanvi,Mohsen Afarideh,Gina Agarwal,Anju Aggarwal,Sargis A. Aghayan,Anurag Agrawal,Anurag Agrawal,Sutapa Agrawal,Alireza Ahmadi,Mehdi Ahmadi,Hamid Ahmadieh,Muktar Beshir Ahmed,Amani Nidhal Aichour,Ibtihel Aichour,Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour,Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari,Tomi Akinyemiju,Nadia Akseer,Ziyad Al-Aly,Ayman Al-Eyadhy,Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi,Fares Alahdab,Khurshid Alam,Samiah Alam,Tahiya Alam,Alaa Alashi,Seyed Moayed Alavian,Kefyalew Addis Alene,Komal Ali,Syed Mustafa Ali,Mehran Alijanzadeh,Reza Alizadeh-Navaei,Syed Mohamed Aljunid,Ala'a Alkerwi,François Alla,Ubai Alsharif,Khalid A Altirkawi,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Azmeraw T. Amare,Walid Ammar,Nahla Anber,Jason A. Anderson,Catalina Liliana Andrei,Sofia Androudi,Megbaru Debalkie Animut,Mina Anjomshoa,Mustafa Geleto Ansha,Josep M. Antó,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Lambert Tetteh Appiah,Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah,Jalal Arabloo,Olatunde Aremu,Johan Ärnlöv,Al Artaman,Krishna K. 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Harikrishnan,Josep Maria Haro,Hadi Hassankhani,Hamid Yimam Hassen,Rasmus Havmoeller,Caitlin Hawley,Simon I. Hay,Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran,Behzad Heibati,Behnam Heidari,Mohsen Heidari,Delia Hendrie,Andualem Henok,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Claudiu Herteliu,Fatemeh Heydarpour,Sousan Heydarpour,Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu,Tarig B. Higazi,Esayas Haregot Hilawe,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,Michael K. Hole,Enayatollah Homaie Rad,Praveen Hoogar,H. Dean Hosgood,Seyed Mostafa Hosseini,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Mihaela Hostiuc,Sorin Hostiuc,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Thomas Hsiao,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,John J Huang,Mamusha Aman Hussen,Chantal Huynh,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Nayu Ikeda,Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi,Usman Iqbal,Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani,Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine,Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam,Farhad Islami,Maria D. Jackson,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Leila Jahangiry,Nader Jahanmehr,Sudhir Jain,Mihajlo Jakovljevic,Spencer L. James,Simerjot K. Jassal,Achala Upendra Jayatilleke,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Ravi Prakash Jha,Vivekanand Jha,John S. Ji,Jost B. Jonas,Jitendra Jonnagaddala,Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari,Ankur Joshi,Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak,Mikk Jürisson,Zubair Kabir,Amaha Kahsay,Rizwan Kalani,Tanuj Kanchan,Surya Kant,Chittaranjan Kar,Manoochehr Karami,Behzad Karami Matin,André Karch,Corine Karema,Narges Karimi,Seyed M Karimi,Amir Kasaeian,Dessalegn H. Kassa,Getachew Mullu Kassa,Tesfaye Dessale Kassa,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Zhila Kazemi,Ali Kazemi Karyani,Adane Teshome Kefale,Peter Njenga Keiyoro,Grant Rodgers Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran,Yousef Khader,Behzad Khafaei,Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie,Alireza Khajavi,Nauman Khalid,Ibrahim A Khalil,Gulfaraz Khan,Muhammad Shahzeb Khan,Muhammad Ali Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Mona M. Khater,Mohammad Khazaei,Habibolah Khazaie,Abdullah T Khoja,Ardeshir Khosravi,Mohammad Hossein Khosravi,Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri,Daniel N. Kiirithio,Cho-il Kim,Daniel Kim,Young Eun Kim,Young Eun Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Adnan Kisa,Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek,Mika Kivimäki,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Sonali Kochhar,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Tufa Kolola,Jacek A. Kopec,Soewarta Kosen,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Michael Kravchenko,Kewal Krishan,Kristopher J. Krohn,Hans Kromhout,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,G Anil Kumar,Manasi Kumar,Igor Kuzin,Hmwe H Kyu,Carl Lachat,Deepesh Lad,Sheetal D. Lad,Alessandra Lafranconi,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Faris Lami,Justin J. Lang,Van C. Lansingh,Samantha Leigh Larson,Arman Latifi,Jeffrey V. Lazarus,Paul H. Lee,James Leigh,Mostafa Leili,Cheru Tesema Leshargie,Janni Leung,Miriam Levi,Sonia Lewycka,Shanshan Li,Yichong Li,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Yu Liao,Misgan Legesse Liben,Lee Ling Lim,Shai Linn,Shiwei Liu,Rakesh Lodha,Giancarlo Logroscino,Alan D. Lopez,Stefan Lorkowski,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Tim C.D. Lucas,Raimundas Lunevicius,Stefan Ma,Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan,Ísis Eloah Machado,Fabiana Madotto,Hue Thi Mai,Marek Majdan,Reza Majdzadeh,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Abdullah Al Mamun,Ana Laura Manda,Helena Manguerra,Mohammad Ali Mansournia,Lorenzo G. Mantovani,Joemer C. Maravilla,Wagner Marcenes,Ashley Marks,Randall V. Martin,Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins,Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo,Winfried März,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Benjamin B. Massenburg,Manu Raj Mathur,Prashant Mathur,Kunihiro Matsushita,Pallab K. Maulik,Mohsen Mazidi,Colm McAlinden,John J. McGrath,Martin McKee,Ravi Mehrotra,Kala M. Mehta,Varshil Mehta,Toni Meier,Fantahun Ayenew Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Addisu Melese,Mulugeta Melku,Peter Memiah,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Desalegn Tadese Mengistu,George A. Mensah,Gert B. M. Mensink,Seid Tiku Mereta,Atte Meretoja,Tuomo J. Meretoja,Tomislav Mestrovic,Haftay Berhane Mezgebe,Bartosz Miazgowski,Tomasz Miazgowski,Anoushka Millear,Ted R. Miller,Molly K. Miller-Petrie,G.K. Mini,Mojde Mirarefin,Andreea Mirica,Erkin M. Mirrakhimov,Awoke Misganaw,Habtamu Mitiku,Babak Moazen,Bahram Mohajer,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Moslem Mohammadi,Noushin Mohammadifard,Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi,Shafiu Mohammed,Farnam Mohebi,Ali H. Mokdad,Mariam Molokhia,Fatemeh Momeniha,Lorenzo Monasta,Yoshan Moodley,Ghobad Moradi,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Mehdi Moradinazar,Paula Moraga,Lidia Morawska,Joana Morgado-da-Costa,Shane D. Morrison,Marilita M Moschos,Simin Mouodi,Seyyed Meysam Mousavi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Kalayu Brhane Mruts,Achenef Asmamaw Muche,Kindie Fentahun Muchie,Ulrich Otto Mueller,Oumer Sada S. Muhammed,Satinath Mukhopadhyay,Kate Muller,Kamarul Imran Musa,Ghulam Mustafa,Ashraf Nabhan,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Azin Nahvijou,Gurudatta Naik,Nitish Naik,Farid Najafi,Vinay Nangia,Jobert Richie Nansseu,Bruno Ramos Nascimento,Bruce Neal,Nahid Neamati,Ionut Negoi,Ruxandra Irina Negoi,Subas Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Josephine W. Ngunjiri,Anh Quynh Nguyen,Grant Nguyen,Ha Thu Nguyen,Huong Lan Thi Nguyen,Huong Thanh Nguyen,Minh Nguyen,Nam Ba Nguyen,Emma Nichols,Jing Nie,Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum,Yirga Legesse Nirayo,Nobuo Nishi,Molly R Nixon,Marzieh Nojomi,Shuhei Nomura,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Mehdi Noroozi,Bo Norrving,Jean Jacques Noubiap,Hamid Reza Nouri,Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh,Mohammad Reza Nowroozi,Elaine O. Nsoesie,Peter Nyasulu,Carla M. 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TL;DR: This study estimated levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017 and explored the relationship between development and risk exposure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Marissa B Reitsma,Nancy Fullman,Marie Ng,Joseph Salama,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Semaw Ferede Abera,Biju Abraham,Gebre Yitayih Abyu,Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi,Ziyad Al-Aly,Alicia Aleman,Raghib Ali,Ala'a Alkerwi,Peter Allebeck,Rajaa Al-Raddadi,Azmeraw T. Amare,Alemayehu Amberbir,Walid Ammar,Stephen M. Amrock,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Hamid Asayesh,Niguse Tadela Atnafu,Peter Azzopardi,Amitava Banerjee,Aleksandra Barac,Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez,Ana Basto-Abreu,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Neeraj Bedi,Brent Bell,Aminu K. Bello,Isabela M. Benseñor,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Stan Biryukov,Kaylin Bolt,Hermann Brenner,Zahid A Butt,Fiorella Cavalleri,Kelly Cercy,Honglei Chen,Devasahayam J. Christopher,Liliana G Ciobanu,Valentina Colistro,Mercedes Colomar,Leslie Cornaby,Xiaochen Dai,Solomon Abrha Damtew,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Emily Dansereau,Kairat Davletov,Anand Dayama,Tizta Tilahun Degfie,Amare Deribew,Samath D Dharmaratne,Balem Demtsu Dimtsu,Kerrie E. Doyle,Aman Yesuf Endries,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Kara Estep,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Valery L. Feigin,Andrea B. Feigl,Florian Fischer,Joseph Friedman,Tsegaye Tewelde G,hiwot,Seana L. Gall,Wayne Gao,Richard F. Gillum,Audra L Gold,Sameer Vali Gopalani,Carolyn C. Gotay,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Vipin Gupta,Randah R. Hamadeh,Graeme J. Hankey,Hilda L Harb,Simon I. Hay,Masako Horino,Nobuyuki Horita,H. Dean Hosgood,Abdullatif Husseini,Bogdan Vasile Ileanu,Farhad Islami,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Zubair Kabir,Ritul Kamal,Amir Kasaeian,Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran,Yousef Khader,Ibrahim A Khalil,Young-Ho Khang,Sahil Khera,Jagdish Khubchandani,Daniel Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Luke D. Knibbs,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Dhaval Kolte,Jacek A. Kopec,Soewarta Kosen,Georgios A. Kotsakis,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Kristopher J Krohn,Hans Krueger,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Chanda Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Janet L Leasher,Alexander Lee,Mall Leinsalu,Tong Li,Shai Linn,Patrick Liu,Shiwei Liu,Loon-Tzian Lo,Alan D. Lopez,Stefan Ma,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Wondimu Ayele Manamo,Jose Martinez-Raga,Alemayehu B. Mekonnen,Walter Mendoza,Ted R. Miller,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Lidia Morawska,Kamarul Imran Musa,Gabriele Nagel,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Quyen Nguyen,Grant Nguyen,In-Hwan Oh,Abayomi Samuel Oyekale,Padukudru Anand Mahesh,Adrian Pana,Eun-Kee Park,Snehal Patil,George C Patton,João Mário Pedro,Mostafa Qorbani,Anwar Rafay,Mahfuzar Rahman,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Usha Ram,Chhabi Lal Ranabhat,Amany H. Refaat,Nickolas Reinig,Hirbo Shore Roba,Alina Rodriguez,Yesenia Roman,Gregory A. Roth,Ambuj Roy,Rajesh Sagar,Joshua A. Salomon,Juan Sanabria,Itamar S. Santos,Benn Sartorius,Maheswar Satpathy,Monika Sawhney,Susan M Sawyer,Mete Saylan,Michael Schaub,Neil W. Schluger,Aletta E. Schutte,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Masood Ali Shaikh,Jun She,Min-Jeong Shin,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Jonathan I. Silverberg,Jasvinder A. Singh,Virendra Singh,Erica Leigh Slepak,Samir Soneji,Joan B. Soriano,Sergey Soshnikov,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Dan J. Stein,Saverio Stranges,Michelle L Subart,Soumya Swaminathan,Cassandra Szoeke,Worku Tefera,Roman Topor-Madry,Bach Xuan Tran,Nikolaos Tsilimparis,Hayley D. Tymeson,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Rachel L Updike,Olalekan A. Uthman,Francesco Saverio Violante,Sergey K Vladimirov,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Theo Vos,Elisabete Weiderpass,Chi-Pan Wen,Andrea Werdecker,Shelley Wilson,Mamo Wubshet,Lin Xiao,Bereket Yakob,Yuichiro Yano,Penpeng Ye,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Zoubida Zaidi,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Anthony Lin Zhang,Ben Zipkin,Christopher J L Murray,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Emmanuela Gakidou +233 more
TL;DR: The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low- SDI to middle-SDI countries.
Journal ArticleDOI
[Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation].
Dean T. Jamison,Lawrence H. Summers,George Alleyne,Kenneth J. Arrow,Seth Berkley,Agnes Binagwaho,Flavia Bustreo,David M. Evans,Richard G A Feachem,Julio Frenk,Gargee Ghosh,Sue J. Goldie,Yan Guo,Sanjeev Gupta,Richard Horton,Margaret E Kruk,Adel A. F. Mahmoud,Linah K. Mohohlo,Mthuli Ncube,Ariel Pablos-Mendez,K. Srinath Reddy,Helen Saxenian,Agnes Soucat,Karene H. Ulltveit-Moe,Gavin Yamey +24 more
TL;DR: A recent report by the Lancet Commission revisited the case for investment in health and developed a new investment framework to achieve dramatic health gains by 2035 as discussed by the authors, which is, a reduction in infectious, maternal, and child mortality down to universally low levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Behavioral Economics of Substance Use Disorders: Reinforcement Pathologies and Their Repair
TL;DR: The overall goal of this review is to present a new understanding of substance use disorders as viewed by recent advances in behavioral economics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Developing public health regulations for marijuana: lessons from alcohol and tobacco.
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula,Beau Kilmer,Alexander C. Wagenaar,Frank J. Chaloupka,Jonathan P. Caulkins +4 more
TL;DR: The goal is not to address whether marijuana legalization is a good or bad idea but, rather, to help policymakers understand the decisions they face and some lessons learned from research on public health approaches to regulating alcohol and tobacco over the past century.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
TL;DR: This timely monograph is a distillation of knowledge of hepatitis B, C and D, based on a review of 1000 studies by a small group of scientists, and it is concluded that hepatitis D virus cannot be classified as a human carcinogen.
OtherDOI
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank
Peter Coffey,Robert J. Riley +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty
Kenji Shibuya,Christina Ciecierski,Emmanuel Guindon,Douglas Bettcher,David B. Evans,Christopher J L Murray +5 more
TL;DR: By making use of scientific evidence on the effects of tobacco, the member states of WHO have negotiated their first global health treaty and could act as a possible model for tackling other health issues.
Curbing the Epidemic Goverment s and the Economics of Tobacco Control
Prabhat Jha,Frank J. Chaloupka +1 more
TL;DR: The authors of as mentioned in this paper discuss the relative neglect of economic contributions to the debate on tobacco control in many countries, and even where economic approaches were being used, their methodology was of variable quality.
Journal ArticleDOI
Is Addiction “Rational”? Theory and Evidence
Jonathan Gruber,Botond Koszegi +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a new and convincing evidence that smokers are forward-looking in their smoking decisions, using state excise tax increases that have been legislatively enacted but are not yet effective, and monthly data on consumption.