Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review
Olesja Bondarenko,Katre Juganson,Katre Juganson,Angela Ivask,Kaja Kasemets,Monika Mortimer,Monika Mortimer,Anne Kahru +7 more
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TLDR
The toxic range of all the three metal-containing NPs to target- and non-target organisms overlaps, indicating that the leaching of biocidal NPs from consumer products should be addressed.Abstract:
Nanoparticles (NPs) of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and especially nanosilver are intentionally used to fight the undesirable growth of bacteria, fungi and algae. Release of these NPs from consumer and household products into waste streams and further into the environment may, however, pose threat to the ‘non-target’ organisms, such as natural microbes and aquatic organisms. This review summarizes the recent research on (eco)toxicity of silver (Ag), CuO and ZnO NPs. Organism-wise it focuses on key test species used for the analysis of ecotoxicological hazard. For comparison, the toxic effects of studied NPs toward mammalian cells in vitro were addressed. Altogether 317 L(E)C50 or minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were obtained for algae, crustaceans, fish, bacteria, yeast, nematodes, protozoa and mammalian cell lines. As a rule, crustaceans, algae and fish proved most sensitive to the studied NPs. The median L(E)C50 values of Ag NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO NPs (mg/L) were 0.01, 2.1 and 2.3 for crustaceans; 0.36, 2.8 and 0.08 for algae; and 1.36, 100 and 3.0 for fish, respectively. Surprisingly, the NPs were less toxic to bacteria than to aquatic organisms: the median MIC values for bacteria were 7.1, 200 and 500 mg/L for Ag, CuO and ZnO NPs, respectively. In comparison, the respective median L(E)C50 values for mammalian cells were 11.3, 25 and 43 mg/L. Thus, the toxic range of all the three metal-containing NPs to target- and non-target organisms overlaps, indicating that the leaching of biocidal NPs from consumer products should be addressed.read more
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References
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Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota
Levonas Manusadžianas,Céline Caillet,Louis Fachetti,Brigita Gylytė,Reda Grigutytė,Sigita Jurkonienė,Rolandas Karitonas,Kazys Sadauskas,Fabien Thomas,Rimantas Vitkus,Jean-François Férard +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of nanosuspensions of CuO on macrophytic algae cells of Nitellopsis obtusa (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50), Chlorella (30-min median inhibitory concentration [IC50), shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus (24-h LC50), and rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (24h LC 50) were investigated.
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Differentiation of the toxicities of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the cladoceran Daphnia magna.
TL;DR: To show that toxicity is caused only by Ag+ and not by AgNPs, Ag+ was adsorbed onto the synthesized sorbents packed in a column and D. magna was exposed to the column-passed-300 nm AgNP suspensions, and there was no acute toxicity with the Ag NP suspensions not containing Ag+.
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Effects of Waterborne Chronic Copper Exposure on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Metal-Element Composition in Synechogobius hasta
TL;DR: It is shown that waterborne Cu exposure could enhance the metabolism of lipid synthesis and consequently induce the increase of hepatic lipid deposition in S. hasta.
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Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish.
TL;DR: Results showed that toxicity of Cu and Zn decreased with increasing water hardness, so that water hardness had a significant effect on Cu andZn toxicity on fish.
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Focusing the research efforts
TL;DR: More coherence and structure in the way research is conducted should be introduced in nanotoxicology, and all stakeholders must do their part.