Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

About: Conservatoire national des arts et métiers is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 3573 authors who have published 7127 publications receiving 141430 citations. The organization is also known as: CNAM & Conservatoire des arts et métiers.

Genome-wide association study identifies single nucleotide polymorphism in DYRK1A associated with replication of HIV-1 in monocyte-derived macrophages.

Abstract: Background: HIV-1 infected macrophages play an important role in rendering resting T cells permissive for infection, in spreading HIV-1 to T cells, and in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia. During highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART), macrophages keep producing virus because tissue penetration of antiretrovirals is suboptimal and the efficacy of some is reduced. Thus, to cure HIV-1 infection with antiretrovirals we will also need to efficiently inhibit viral replication in macrophages. The majority of the current drugs block the action of viral enzymes, whereas there is an abundance of yet unidentified host factors that could be targeted. We here present results from a genome-wide association study identifying novel genetic polymorphisms that affect in vitro HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Methodology/Principal Findings: Monocyte-derived macrophages from 393 blood donors were infected with HIV-1 and viral replication was determined using Gag p24 antigen levels. Genomic DNA from individuals with macrophages that had relatively low (n=96) or high (n=96) p24 production was used for SNP genotyping with the Illumina 610 Quad beadchip. A total of 494,656 SNPs that passed quality control were tested for association with HIV-1 replication in macrophages, using linear regression. We found a strong association between in vitro HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages and SNP rs12483205 in DYRK1A (p=2.16610 25 ). While the association was not genome-wide significant (p,1610 27 ), we could replicate this association using monocyte-derived macrophages from an independent group of 31 individuals (p=0.0034). Combined analysis of the initial and replication cohort increased the strength of the association (p=4.84610 26 ). In addition, we found this SNP to be associated with HIV-1 disease progression in vivo in two independent cohort studies (p=0.035 and p=0.0048). Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest that the kinase DYRK1A is involved in the replication of HIV-1, in vitro in macrophages as well as in vivo.

Methodologies for the evaluation of speaker diarization and automatic speech recognition in the presence of overlapping speech.

Abstract: Speaker Diarization and Automatic Speech Recognition have been a topic of research for decades. Evaluating the developed systems has been required for almost as long. Following the NIST initiatives a number of metrics have become standard to handle these evaluations, namely the Diarization Error Rate and the Word Error Rate. The initial definitions of these metrics and, more importantly, their implementations, were designed for single-speaker speech. One of the aims of the OSEO Quaero and the ANR ETAPE projects was to investigate the capabilities of Diarization and ASR systems in the presence of overlapping speech. Evaluating said systems required extending the metrics definitions and adapting the algorithmic approaches required for their implementation. This paper presents these extensions and adaptations and the open tools that provide them.