Dublin City University

About: Dublin City University is a education organization based out in Dublin, Ireland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Context (language use) & Machine translation. The organization has 5904 authors who have published 17178 publications receiving 389376 citations. The organization is also known as: National Institute for Higher Education, Dublin & DCU.

Breath Ammonia Analysis: Clinical Application and Measurement

Abstract: This review covers in detail the complexity of human breath, how the body metabolizes ammonia, clinical conditions which are directly related to the regulation of ammonia concentration, and analysis of current techniques that are capable of detecting breath ammonia. Focusing on these areas provides the information needed to develop a breath ammonia sensor for monitoring dysfunction of the human body. Human breath has been broken down into its key components which are necessary for proper understanding of what to look for when attempting to isolate volatile organic compounds. A pathway has been shown which explains the origin of ammonia in the body and how it is processed within a healthy system. Following this, the hazards of several dysfunctions related to the broken ammonia pathway have been discussed. It is essential that technicians have knowledge of these inner workings of the human body along with current technology. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of techniques from chemical ionization, gas ...

Automatic Detection of Knee Joints and Quantification of Knee Osteoarthritis Severity Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract: This paper introduces a new approach to automatically quantify the severity of knee OA using X-ray images. Automatically quantifying knee OA severity involves two steps: first, automatically localizing the knee joints; next, classifying the localized knee joint images. We introduce a new approach to automatically detect the knee joints using a fully convolutional neural network (FCN). We train convolutional neural networks (CNN) from scratch to automatically quantify the knee OA severity optimizing a weighted ratio of two loss functions: categorical cross-entropy and mean-squared loss. This joint training further improves the overall quantification of knee OA severity, with the added benefit of naturally producing simultaneous multi-class classification and regression outputs. Two public datasets are used to evaluate our approach, the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) and the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST), with extremely promising results that outperform existing approaches.

Hypoxia Helps Glioma to Fight Therapy

Abstract: Despite major improvements in the surgical management the prognosis for patients bearing malignant gliomas is still dismal. Malignant gliomas are notoriously resistant to treatment and the survival time of patients is between 3-8 years for low-grade and anaplastic gliomas and 6 - 12 month for glioblastoma. Increasing malignancy of gliomas correlates with an increase in cellularity and a poorly organized tumor vasculature leading to insufficient blood supply, hypoxic areas and ultimately to the formation of necrosis, a characteristic of glioblastoma. Hypoxic/necrotic tumors are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Hypoxia induces either directly or indirectly (through the activation of transcription factors) changes in the biology of a tumor and its microenvironment leading to increased aggressiveness and tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. This review is focused on hypoxia-induced molecular changes affecting glioma biology and therapy.