Showing papers by "Tohoku University published in 2022"
University of Exeter1, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry2, Tyndall Centre3, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory4, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research5, University of Maryland, College Park6, CICERO Center for International Climate Research7, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research8, University of Reading9, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences10, Goddard Space Flight Center11, Flanders Marine Institute12, Food and Agriculture Organization13, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research14, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration15, University of East Anglia16, Japan Meteorological Agency17, ETH Zurich18, National Institute for Environmental Studies19, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology20, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement21, Tula Foundation22, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research23, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology24, Wageningen University and Research Centre25, Tsinghua University26, University of Western Sydney27, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences28, University of Florida29, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine30, Woods Hole Research Center31, Michigan State University32, Tianjin University33, Auburn University34, Jilin Medical University35, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology36, Imperial College London37, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques38, University of Groningen39, Tohoku University40, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich41, Bank for International Settlements42, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace43, Environment Canada44, North West Agriculture and Forestry University45, Northwest A&F University46, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory47, Stanford University48, Utrecht University49
TL;DR: Friedlingstein et al. as mentioned in this paper presented and synthesized datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties, including fossil CO2 emissions, land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models.
Abstract: Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
343 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the phosphonate functionalized layered double hydroxide constructed through intercalation reaction, and efficiently applied to capture toxicant metal ions was shown to be an excellent adsorbent leading to a maximum adsorption capacity of 156.95 mg/g (Cr3+) and 198.34 mg/G (Cd2+) separately.
116 citations
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation1, University of Notre Dame2, University of Melbourne3, University of Barcelona4, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge5, Queensland Health6, University of Queensland7, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill8, University of South Australia9, Michigan State University10, University of Health Sciences Antigua11, Vienna University of Technology12, Southern Nevada Water Authority13, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project14, Drexel University15, Arizona State University16, National Environment Agency17, University of South Florida18, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh19, University of New South Wales20, Stellenbosch University21, Hokkaido University22, United States Environmental Protection Agency23, Istituto Superiore di Sanità24, University of Georgia25, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee26, University College Dublin27, University of Guelph28, University of California, Merced29, Griffith University30, National Institute for Health and Welfare31, University of Helsinki32, National University of Salta33, Spanish National Research Council34, Tulane University35, Chulabhorn Research Institute36, National University of Singapore37, Tohoku University38, Nanyang Technological University39, University of Minnesota40
TL;DR: A technical review of factors that can lead to false-positive and -negative errors in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, culminating in recommendations and strategies that can be implemented to identify and mitigate these errors.
116 citations
University of Exeter1, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry2, Tyndall Centre3, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research4, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory5, University of Maryland, College Park6, CICERO Center for International Climate Research7, University of Reading8, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences9, Goddard Space Flight Center10, Flanders Marine Institute11, Food and Agriculture Organization12, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research13, Geophysical Institute14, University of Victoria15, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration16, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology17, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement18, Japan Meteorological Agency19, Indiana University20, ETH Zurich21, National Institute for Environmental Studies22, University of East Anglia23, European Commission24, Tula Foundation25, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research26, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research27, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology28, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich29, Auburn University30, Wageningen University and Research Centre31, University of Western Sydney32, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences33, Tsinghua University34, University of Florida35, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine36, Woods Hole Research Center37, University of Alaska Fairbanks38, Princeton University39, Michigan State University40, University of Washington41, Appalachian State University42, Sun Yat-sen University43, Imperial College London44, University of Groningen45, University of Tennessee46, Washington University in St. Louis47, Jilin Medical University48, Tohoku University49, Rutgers University50, Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications51, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace52, North West Agriculture and Forestry University53, Northwest A&F University54, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory55, Xi'an Jiaotong University56, Stanford University57, National Center for Atmospheric Research58, University of Edinburgh59, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology60, Utrecht University61, Oak Ridge National Laboratory62
TL;DR: Friedlingstein et al. as mentioned in this paper presented and synthesized data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties, including fossil CO2 emissions, land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models.
Abstract: Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1 % relative to 2020, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (40.0 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2021, GATM was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.6 GtC yr−1 (i.e. the total estimated sources were too low or sinks were too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2022 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2021 of +1.0 % (0.1 % to 1.9 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 % above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extratropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).
98 citations
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TL;DR: Cavity magnonics as mentioned in this paper deals with the interaction of magnons and magnetic materials and confined electromagnetic fields, and is a young field that is gearing up for integration in future quantum technologies.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, encapsulated nanoscale zerovalent iron with a shell of magnesium hydroxide (Mg/Fe0) was used to adsorb ciprofloxacin from water.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of the development history of anionic redox reaction is attempted to systematically summarize and provide an in-depth discussion on the anionic Redox mechanism.
Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as the next generation of sustainable energy technologies have received widespread investigations for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs) and smart grids due to the huge natural abundance and low cost of sodium. Although the great efforts are made in exploring layered transition metal oxide cathode for SIBs, their performances have reached the bottleneck for further practical application. Nowadays, anionic redox in layered transition metal oxides has emerged as a new paradigm to increase the energy density of rechargeable batteries. Based on this point, in this review, the development history of anionic redox reaction is attempted to systematically summarize and provide an in-depth discussion on the anionic redox mechanism. Particularly, the major challenges of anionic redox and the corresponding available strategies toward triggering and stabilizing anionic redox are proposed. Subsequently, several types of sodium layered oxide cathodes are classified and comparatively discussed according to Na-rich or Na-deficient materials. A large amount of progressive characterization techniques of anionic oxygen redox is also summarized. Finally, an overview of the existing prospective and the future development directions of sodium layered transition oxide with anionic redox reaction are analyzed and suggested.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a metalloid substitution is proposed to increase local lattice distortion and short-range chemical inhomogeneities to elevate strength, and in the meantime reduce the stacking fault energy to discourage dynamic recovery and encourage defect accumulation via partial-dislocation-mediated activities.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified TiO2 composites for coproduction of H2 and arabinose with improved selectivity under neutral condition.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified TiO2 composites for coproduction of H2 and arabinose with improved selectivity under neutral condition.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemistry of rich NH3/H2 flames at high pressure and the interaction between NH3 and H2 still need to be clarified, and the results show that the seven kinetics mechanisms studied could not satisfactorily predict the measurements at fuel-rich conditions and elevated pressure.
TL;DR: In the case of Actinidia cultivation, agricultural waste groups together leaves, flowers, stems and roots while food industry by-products are represented by discarded fruits, skin and seeds as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared five PEG precipitation procedures, with different operational parameters, for the RT-qPCR-based whole process recovery efficiency of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) using 34 raw wastewater samples collected in Japan.
11 Jun 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors identified two lineages of MPXV among nine 2021 and 2022 U.S. monkeypox cases and found an extreme preference for GA-to-AA mutations indicative of APOBEC3 cytosine deaminase activity that was shared among West African MPXVs since 2017 but absent from Congo Basin lineages.
Abstract: Abstract Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease endemic in Central and West Africa. In May 2022, dozens of non-endemic countries reported hundreds of monkeypox cases, most with no epidemiological link to Africa. We identified two lineages of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) among nine 2021 and 2022 U.S. monkeypox cases. A 2021 case was highly similar to the 2022 MPXV outbreak variant, suggesting a common ancestor. Analysis of mutations among these two lineages revealed an extreme preference for GA-to-AA mutations indicative of APOBEC3 cytosine deaminase activity that was shared among West African MPXV since 2017 but absent from Congo Basin lineages. Poxviruses are not thought to be subject to APOBEC3 editing; however, these findings suggest APOBEC3 activity has been recurrent and dominant in recent West African MPXV evolution.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the mass fraction, size and number of layers on the thermal conductivity and phase transition characteristics, including the melting point and supercooling degree, were analyzed.
Abstract: As a phase change material, erythritol has two main disadvantages: low thermal conductivity and high supercooling degree. In this study, we proposed a novel erythritol/graphene composite phase change material, and its thermal properties were predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. The effects of the graphene mass fraction, size and number of layers on the thermal conductivity and phase transition characteristics, including the melting point and supercooling degree, were analyzed. The mechanism behind the above phenomena was revealed from a micro perspective. The results show that graphene can not only improve the thermal conductivity of the composites but also reduce the supercooling degree, thus improving the thermal properties of erythritol. The thermal conductivity of the composites increases with increasing graphene amount, size and number of layers. When the mass fraction of graphene increased to 8 wt%, the thermal conductivity doubled. The melting point of erythritol can be effectively controlled by changing the amount, size and number of layers of graphene. This study can provide guidance for the design and application of erythritol-based composite phase change materials.
TL;DR: The role of situational factors are revealed in the anticipated eating of a variety of novel/unfamiliar foods, thus providing practical implications on how/where to introduce such foods or engineer appropriate situations to increase the acceptance of, and exposure to, such novels.
TL;DR: In this article , the identification of bryosymbiol (BSB), an SL from the bryophyte Marchantia paleacea, has been reported, indicating its origin in the common ancestor of land plants.
Abstract: Abstract In flowering plants, strigolactones (SLs) have dual functions as hormones that regulate growth and development, and as rhizosphere signaling molecules that induce symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Here, we report the identification of bryosymbiol (BSB), an SL from the bryophyte Marchantia paleacea . BSB is also found in vascular plants, indicating its origin in the common ancestor of land plants. BSB synthesis is enhanced at AM symbiosis permissive conditions and BSB deficient mutants are impaired in AM symbiosis. In contrast, the absence of BSB synthesis has little effect on the growth and gene expression. We show that the introduction of the SL receptor of Arabidopsis renders M. paleacea cells BSB-responsive. These results suggest that BSB is not perceived by M. paleacea cells due to the lack of cognate SL receptors. We propose that SLs originated as AM symbiosis-inducing rhizosphere signaling molecules and were later recruited as plant hormone.
TL;DR: In this article, the laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of ammonia/air under a broad range of conditions including high-temperature and high-pressure were investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic properties of Fe76Si9B10P5 amorphous ribbons were investigated by combining synchrotron radiation, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and first principle ab initio molecular dynamic simulation, and it was found that the atomic structural evolution both in short range order and medium range order is responsible for the magnetic softness at proper annealing temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper , a functionally-grained piezoelectric composites (FGPC) for energy-harvesting were manufactured successfully by a novel method, and the structure and properties of the composites were determined by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction.
Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe1, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe2, Kobe University3, University of Tokyo4, King's College London5, University of California, Irvine6, Tohoku University7, Duke University8, KEK9, Okayama University10, Kyoto University11, Keio University12, Tokyo University of Science13, Boston University14, University of Oxford15, Miyagi University of Education16, University of Toronto17, Obayashi Corporation18, Shizuoka University of Welfare19, Tokai University20, Yokohama National University21, Nagoya University22, Imperial College London23, Tokyo Institute of Technology24, Tsinghua University25, Sungkyunkwan University26, INFN Sezione di Bari27, Okayama University of Science28, International Centre for Interdisciplinary Science and Education29
TL;DR: In order to improve Super-Kamiokande's neutron detection efficiency and to increase its sensitivity to the diffuse supernova neutrino background flux, 13 tons of Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O (gadolinium sulfate octahydrate) was dissolved into the detector's otherwise ultrapure water from July 14 to August 17, 2020, marking the start of the SK-Gd phase of operations as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: In order to improve Super-Kamiokande’s neutron detection efficiency and to thereby increase its sensitivity to the diffuse supernova neutrino background flux, 13 tons of Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O (gadolinium sulfate octahydrate) was dissolved into the detector’s otherwise ultrapure water from July 14 to August 17, 2020, marking the start of the SK-Gd phase of operations. During the loading, water was continuously recirculated at a rate of 60 m3/h, extracting water from the top of the detector and mixing it with concentrated Gd2(SO4)3⋅8H2O solution to create a 0.02% solution of the Gd compound before injecting it into the bottom of the detector. A clear boundary between the Gd-loaded and pure water was maintained through the loading, enabling monitoring of the loading itself and the spatial uniformity of the Gd concentration over the 35 days it took to reach the top of the detector. During the subsequent commissioning the recirculation rate was increased to 120 m3/h, resulting in a constant and uniform distribution of Gd throughout the detector and water transparency equivalent to that of previous pure-water operation periods. Using an Am–Be neutron calibration source the mean neutron capture time was measured to be 115±1 μs, which corresponds to a Gd concentration of 111±2 ppm, as expected for this level of Gd loading. This paper describes changes made to the water circulation system for this detector upgrade, the Gd loading procedure, detector commissioning, and the first neutron calibration measurements in SK-Gd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the hydrogen embrittlement of a high strength Zr or Cr- added aluminum alloy specimens containing coherent Al3Zr or incoherent Al18Mg2Cr3 dispersoids, respectively.
TL;DR: In this article , water-soluble S. vaninii polysaccharides (SVPs) were extracted from fruiting bodies, with molecular weights from 90.50 kDa to 261.70 kDa, and all inhibited the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines.
TL;DR: In this paper, a probabilistic assessment of the sea-level rise hazard is performed using the available data and climate models considering several climate change emission scenarios, considering the uncertainties associated with fault movement (i.e., rake angles and average stress drops).
TL;DR: In this paper, water-soluble S. vaninii polysaccharides (SVPs) were extracted from fruiting bodies, with molecular weights ranging from 90.50 to 261.70 kDa.
TL;DR: The co-occurrence analysis revealed the relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerolineae and Clostridia was functionally equivalent during the treatment of real domestic sewage, and both the HRT and the stability of the process are important factors for maintaining microbial community structures.
Abstract: Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) equipped with different membrane pore size (0.4 or 0.05 µm) were operated at 25˚C and fed with domestic wastewater. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the reactors was shortened. The microbial communities of the two AnMBRs were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to see the effects of HRT. The predominant Archaea was an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta. The composition of hydrogenotrophic methanogens changed with the HRTs: the population of Methanobacterium was higher for longer HRTs, whereas the population of unclassified Methanoregulaceae was higher for shorter HRTs. The Anaerolineae, Bacteroidia and Clostridia bacteria were dominant in both of the reactors, with a combined relative abundance of over 55%. The relative abundance of Anaerolineae was proportional to the biogas production performance. The change in the population of hydrogenotrophic methanogens or Anaerolineae can be used as an indicator for process monitoring. The sum of the relative abundance of Anaerolineae and Clostridia fluctuated slightly with changes in the HRT in both AnMBRs when the reactor was stably operated. The co-occurrence analysis revealed the relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerolineae and Clostridia was functionally equivalent during the treatment of real domestic sewage. A principal coordination analysis revealed that the changes in the microbial community in each reactor were consistent with the change of HRT. In addition, both the HRT and the stability of the process are important factors for maintaining microbial community structures.
TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo studies revealed these biocompatible (PB+DOX)@(Fe3O4@PEG-PLGA) MCs could effectively target to the tumor tissue with superior therapeutic effect against the invasion of osteosarcoma and alleviation of osteolytic lesions, which will be developed as a smart platform integrating multi-modality imaging capabilities and synergistic effect with high therapy efficacy.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal stability of MnO2 polymorphs was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction measurement (HTXRD).
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of background music on food preferences were found to be dependent on the interaction between music genre, food type (healthy vs. indulgent), and taste/flavour (sweet vs. savoury).
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented uniform PEGylated (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsules with superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in the shell and Prussian blue (PB) NPs inbuilt in the cavity via a premix membrane emulsification (PME) method.