Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 2014"

Trends in Microgrid Control

Abstract: The increasing interest in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable operation and control. In this paper, the major issues and challenges in microgrid control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control, model predictive control, multi-agent systems) is also included. The paper classifies microgrid control strategies into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary, where primary and secondary levels are associated with the operation of the microgrid itself, and tertiary level pertains to the coordinated operation of the microgrid and the host grid. Each control level is discussed in detail in view of the relevant existing technical literature.

Progress in Green Polymer Composites from Lignin for Multifunctional Applications: A Review

Abstract: Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one ...

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Abstract: Increasing energy demand, especially in the transportation sector, and soaring CO2 emissions necessitate the exploitation of renewable sources of energy. Despite the large variety of new energy carriers, liquid hydrocarbon still appears to be the most attractive and feasible form of transportation fuel taking into account the energy density, stability and existing infrastructure. Biomass is an abundant, renewable source of energy; however, utilizing it in a cost-effective way is still a substantial challenge. Lignocellulose is composed of three major biopolymers, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as an efficient and feasible process to selectively convert lignocellulose into a liquid fuel—bio-oil. However bio-oil from fast pyrolysis contains a large amount of oxygen, distributed in hundreds of oxygenates. These oxygenates are the cause of many negative properties, such as low heating value, high corrosiveness, high viscosity, and instability; they also greatly limit the application of bio-oil particularly as transportation fuel. Hydrocarbons derived from biomass are most attractive because of their high energy density and compatibility with the existing infrastructure. Thus, converting lignocellulose into transportation fuels via catalytic fast pyrolysis has attracted much attention. Many studies related to catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass have been published. The main challenge of this process is the development of active and stable catalysts that can deal with a large variety of decomposition intermediates from lignocellulose. This review starts with the current understanding of the chemistry in fast pyrolysis of lignocellulose and focuses on the development of catalysts in catalytic fast pyrolysis. Recent progress in the experimental studies on catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is also summarized with the emphasis on bio-oil yields and quality.

The rainbow trout genome provides novel insights into evolution after whole-genome duplication in vertebrates

Abstract: Vertebrate evolution has been shaped by several rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) that are often suggested to be associated with adaptive radiations and evolutionary innovations. Due to an additional round of WGD, the rainbow trout genome offers a unique opportunity to investigate the early evolutionary fate of a duplicated vertebrate genome. Here we show that after 100 million years of evolution the two ancestral subgenomes have remained extremely collinear, despite the loss of half of the duplicated protein-coding genes, mostly through pseudogenization. In striking contrast is the fate of miRNA genes that have almost all been retained as duplicated copies. The slow and stepwise rediploidization process characterized here challenges the current hypothesis that WGD is followed by massive and rapid genomic reorganizations and gene deletions.

A review of imaging techniques for plant phenotyping.

Abstract: Given the rapid development of plant genomic technologies, a lack of access to plant phenotyping capabilities limits our ability to dissect the genetics of quantitative traits. Effective, high-throughput phenotyping platforms have recently been developed to solve this problem. In high-throughput phenotyping platforms, a variety of imaging methodologies are being used to collect data for quantitative studies of complex traits related to the growth, yield and adaptation to biotic or abiotic stress (disease, insects, drought and salinity). These imaging techniques include visible imaging (machine vision), imaging spectroscopy (multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing), thermal infrared imaging, fluorescence imaging, 3D imaging and tomographic imaging (MRT, PET and CT). This paper presents a brief review on these imaging techniques and their applications in plant phenotyping. The features used to apply these imaging techniques to plant phenotyping are described and discussed in this review.

Reactive cysteine persulfides and S-polythiolation regulate oxidative stress and redox signaling.

Abstract: Using methodology developed herein, it is found that reactive persulfides and polysulfides are formed endogenously from both small molecule species and proteins in high amounts in mammalian cells and tissues. These reactive sulfur species were biosynthesized by two major sulfurtransferases: cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase. Quantitation of these species indicates that high concentrations of glutathione persulfide (perhydropersulfide >100 μM) and other cysteine persulfide and polysulfide derivatives in peptides/proteins were endogenously produced and maintained in the plasma, cells, and tissues of mammals (rodent and human). It is expected that persulfides are especially nucleophilic and reducing. This view was found to be the case, because they quickly react with H2O2 and a recently described biologically generated electrophile 8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. These results indicate that persulfides are potentially important signaling/effector species, and because H2S can be generated from persulfide degradation, much of the reported biological activity associated with H2S may actually be that of persulfides. That is, H2S may act primarily as a marker for the biologically active of persulfide species.

Young Adult Psychological Outcome After Puberty Suppression and Gender Reassignment

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs has become accepted in clinical management of adolescents who have gender dysphoria (GD). The current study is the first longer-term longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of this approach. METHODS: A total of 55 young transgender adults (22 transwomen and 33 transmen) who had received puberty suppression during adolescence were assessed 3 times: before the start of puberty suppression (mean age, 13.6 years), when cross-sex hormones were introduced (mean age, 16.7 years), and at least 1 year after gender reassignment surgery (mean age, 20.7 years). Psychological functioning (GD, body image, global functioning, depression, anxiety, emotional and behavioral problems) and objective (social and educational/professional functioning) and subjective (quality of life, satisfaction with life and happiness) well-being were investigated. RESULTS: After gender reassignment, in young adulthood, the GD was alleviated and psychological functioning had steadily improved. Well-being was similar to or better than same-age young adults from the general population. Improvements in psychological functioning were positively correlated with postsurgical subjective well-being. CONCLUSIONS: A clinical protocol of a multidisciplinary team with mental health professionals, physicians, and surgeons, including puberty suppression, followed by cross-sex hormones and gender reassignment surgery, provides gender dysphoric youth who seek gender reassignment from early puberty on, the opportunity to develop into well-functioning young adults.

Distributed Control Techniques in Microgrids

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to provide a review of distributed control and management strategies for the next generation power system in the context of microgrids. This paper also identifies future research directions. The next generation power system, also referred to as the smart grid, is distinct from the existing power system due to its extensive use of integrated communication, advanced components such as power electronics, sensing, and measurement, and advanced control technologies. At the same time, the need for increased number of small distributed and renewable energy resources can exceed the capabilities of an available computational resource. Therefore, the recent literature has seen a significant research effort on dividing the control task among different units, which gives rise to the development of several distributed techniques. This paper discusses features and characteristics of these techniques, and identifies challenges and opportunities ahead. The paper also discusses the relationship between distributed control and hierarchical control.

Recent Advances in Graft Copolymerization and Applications of Chitosan: A Review

Abstract: Chitosan is among one of the most important and most studied natural polymers. The cationic nature of chitosan makes it a polymer of high importance from environmental and biomedical point of views among the other natural polysaccharides. However, it also suffers from a few disadvantages and requires further development to achieve the targeted results and desired range of efficiency. To overcome some of the disadvantages of the pristine chitosan, it is most imperative to functionalize it with suitable functional groups. Therefore, it is highly desired to understand the chemistry of the reactions used to alter the surface characteristics of chitosan. Among various techniques presently being used to tailor the surface characteristics of chitosan, graft copolymerization is of the utmost importance. The aim of the present perspective is to describe the recent advances in the graft copolymerization of chitosan with particular emphasis on atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This perspective describes t...

Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to Chemicals

Abstract: With increased availability and decreased cost, ethanol is potentially a promising platform molecule for the production of a variety of value-added chemicals. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in catalytic conversion of ethanol to a wide range of chemicals and fuels. We particularly focus on catalyst advances and fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms involved in ethanol steam reforming (ESR) to produce hydrogen, ethanol conversion to hydrocarbons ranging from light olefins to longer chain alkenes/alkanes and aromatics, and ethanol conversion to other oxygenates including 1-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate.

The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Abstract: Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 C-14 years before present (BP) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years BP)(1,2). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology(3). However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans(2). An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum(4). Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 +/- 35 C-14 years BP (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years BP) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4x and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population(5) into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years BP. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.

Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses

Abstract: Demand for organic foods is partially driven by consumers’ perceptions that they are more nutritious. However, scientific opinion is divided on whether there are significant nutritional differences between organic and non-organic foods, and two recent reviews have concluded that there are no differences. In the present study, we carried out meta-analyses based on 343 peer-reviewed publications that indicate statistically significant and meaningful differences in composition between organic and non-organic crops/crop-based foods. Most importantly, the concentrations of a range of antioxidants such as polyphenolics were found to be substantially higher in organic crops/ crop-based foods, with those of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins being an estimated 19 (95 % CI 5, 33) %, 69 (95 % CI 13, 125) %, 28 (95 % CI 12, 44) %, 26 (95 % CI 3, 48) %, 50 (95 % CI 28, 72) % and 51 (95 % CI 17, 86) % higher, respectively. Many of these compounds have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including CVD and neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers, in dietary intervention and epidemiological studies. Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of pesticide residues was found to be four times higher in conventional crops, which also contained significantly higher concentrations of the toxic metal Cd. Significant differences were also detected for some other (e.g. minerals and vitamins) compounds. There is evidence that higher antioxidant concentrations and lower Cd concentrations are linked to specific agronomic practices (e.g. non-use of mineral N and P fertilisers, respectively) prescribed in organic farming systems. In conclusion, organic crops, on average, have higher concentrations of antioxidants, lower concentrations of Cd and a lower incidence of pesticide residues than the non-organic comparators across regions and production seasons.

Bisphenol A and reproductive health: Update of experimental and human evidence, 2007-2013

Abstract: Background: In 2007, an expert panel reviewed associations between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and reproductive health outcomes. Since then, new studies have been conducted on the impact of BPA on r...

Decoding the massive genome of loblolly pine using haploid DNA and novel assembly strategies

Abstract: The size and complexity of conifer genomes has, until now, prevented full genome sequencing and assembly. The large research community and economic importance of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., made it an early candidate for reference sequence determination. We develop a novel strategy to sequence the genome of loblolly pine that combines unique aspects of pine reproductive biology and genome assembly methodology. We use a whole genome shotgun approach relying primarily on next generation sequence generated from a single haploid seed megagametophyte from a loblolly pine tree, 20-1010, that has been used in industrial forest tree breeding. The resulting sequence and assembly was used to generate a draft genome spanning 23.2 Gbp and containing 20.1 Gbp with an N50 scaffold size of 66.9 kbp, making it a significant improvement over available conifer genomes. The long scaffold lengths allow the annotation of 50,172 gene models with intron lengths averaging over 2.7 kbp and sometimes exceeding 100 kbp in length. Analysis of orthologous gene sets identifies gene families that may be unique to conifers. We further characterize and expand the existing repeat library based on the de novo analysis of the repetitive content, estimated to encompass 82% of the genome. In addition to its value as a resource for researchers and breeders, the loblolly pine genome sequence and assembly reported here demonstrates a novel approach to sequencing the large and complex genomes of this important group of plants that can now be widely applied.

Intelligent tutoring systems and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis

Abstract: Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are computer programs that model learners’ psychological states to provide individualized instruction. They have been developed for diverse subject areas (e.g., algebra, medicine, law, reading) to help learners acquire domain-specific, cognitive and metacognitive knowledge. A meta-analysis was conducted on research that compared the outcomes from students learning from ITS to those learning from non-ITS learning environments. The meta-analysis examined how effect sizes varied with type of ITS, type of comparison treatment received by learners, type of learning outcome, whether knowledge to be learned was procedural or declarative, and other factors. After a search of major bibliographic databases, 107 effect sizes involving 14,321 participants were extracted and analyzed. The use of ITS was associated with greater achievement in comparison with teacher-led, large-group instruction (g .42), non-ITS computer-based instruction (g .57), and textbooks or workbooks (g .35). There was no significant difference between learning from ITS and learning from individualized human tutoring (g –.11) or small-group instruction (g .05). Significant, positive mean effect sizes were found regardless of whether the ITS was used as the principal means of instruction, a supplement to teacher-led instruction, an integral component of teacher-led instruction, or an aid to homework. Significant, positive effect sizes were found at all levels of education, in almost all subject domains evaluated, and whether or not the ITS provided feedback or modeled student misconceptions. The claim that ITS are relatively effective tools for learning is consistent with our analysis of potential publication bias.

The sheep genome illuminates biology of the rumen and lipid metabolism

Abstract: Sheep (Ovis aries) are a major source of meat, milk, and fiber in the form of wool and represent a distinct class of animals that have a specialized digestive organ, the rumen, that carries out the initial digestion of plant material. We have developed and analyzed a high-quality reference sheep genome and transcriptomes from 40 different tissues. We identified highly expressed genes encoding keratin cross-linking proteins associated with rumen evolution. We also identified genes involved in lipid metabolism that had been amplified and/or had altered tissue expression patterns. This may be in response to changes in the barrier lipids of the skin, an interaction between lipid metabolism and wool synthesis, and an increased role of volatile fatty acids in ruminants compared with nonruminant animals.

Hypermutation in human cancer genomes: footprints and mechanisms

Abstract: Recent analyses of cancer genomes have revealed the occurrence of mutation patterns, which indicate their source. This Review discusses what we have learned, and what is yet to learn, from these data and how our current understanding of cancer mutations fits into our understanding of tumorigenesis and tumour progression.

Sugar sensing and signaling in plants.

Abstract: Sugars are ubiquitous and critical components for general metabolism. These primary products from photosynthesis affect most, if not all, processes in plant cells by providing skeletons for organic compounds and storing energy for chemical reactions. Sugars also serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic and abiotic stress response (Rolland et al., 2006; Lastdrager et al., 2014). The diverse and complex networks sugars are involved in warrant a detailed comprehension of their impact on regulatory and metabolic processes at the cellular and the whole plant level. The current research topic on “Sugar Signaling and Sensing in Plants” is a combination of primary research articles and review work, and provide novel insights and detailed overviews on the current knowledge of sugars as metabolites and signal molecules. The review article from Simone Ferrari and co-workers on oligogalacturonides (OGs) (Ferrari et al., 2013), illustrates an excellent example for a sugar being both a metabolite and a signaling molecule. OGs consist of α-1,4-linked galacturonosyl residues and are integral components of the cell wall. However upon biotic stresses, they can be released from the cell wall by hydrolytic enzymes activated by fungal growth or by mechanical damage inflicted through herbivores. Released OGs can then function as signaling molecules to elicit a defense response in the respective plant cell and surrounding tissues (Ferrari et al., 2013). Another aspect about sugars as signaling molecules is discussed in the article by Mohammad Bolouri Moghaddam and Wim Van den Ende that reports on the integration of sucrose-mediated signaling pathways in cellular networks. The paper discusses the interplay of sugar signals with other crucial cellular signaling systems, including the circadian clock and phytohormones, in controlling defense responses and developmental programs such as flowering (Bolouri Moghaddam and Van den Ende, 2013). Similarly, the regulatory steps that integrate diurnal signals with downstream cellular responses may occur at the sugar uptake step, which is indicated by the work from Chincinska and co-workers on the sucrose transporter 4 (SUT4) from potato (Chincinska et al., 2013). Another example of sugars functioning as regulatory molecules comes from the perspective article published by Dobrenel and co-workers on RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase complexes (Dobrenel et al., 2013). These complexes associate with additional partner proteins to affect and integrate a wide range of cellular responses, including metabolism, mRNA processing and autophagy, often in concert with nutrient signaling. Glucose has been reported as a positive regulator of TOR kinase activity and is discussed to affect diverse processes including biosynthesis of the stress-related sugar raffinose, glycolysis, and biosynthesis of sucrose and starch (Dobrenel et al., 2013). Two facets of sugar biology that have been intensively investigated and that are characteristic for many sugars, especially sucrose, are their controlled subcellular distribution and long-distance transport from sinks to sources. Cellular sucrose metabolism depends on, and is limited by, the activities of sucrose synthase and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS). The work from Madoka Yonekura and co-workers provides new insights on two rice SPS paralogs, OsSPS1 and OsSPS11, and their specific expressions in response to diurnal factors and carbohydrate availability (Yonekura et al., 2013). Sucrose long-distance transport is facilitated through the activities of specialized transport proteins. The work from Chincinska and co-workers investigates how these transporters may function as checkpoints to forward information on metabolic fluxes to initiate cellular responses (Chincinska et al., 2013). Another centrally important question in sugar research is related to how sugars are perceived by the cell. The best evidence on cellular sugar sensing systems currently comes from hexose kinases, which phosphorylate glucose (hexokinase) and fructose (fructokinase). Hexokinase I from Arabidopsis has been implicated in these early steps (Jang et al., 1997; Moore et al., 2003), and two complementary overview articles in this research topic provide detailed updates on hexokinases and fructokinases in plants (Granot et al., 2013; Tiessen and Padilla-Chacon, 2013), as well as on other sugar metabolizing enzymes such as invertases, sucrose synthases, and SPS (Tiessen and Padilla-Chacon, 2013). These articles discuss knowledge that has been generated on the different proteins in context with their gene families, and on what is known about their subcellular localization and specific metabolic activities, as well as impacts on developmental programs and involvement in signal transduction events. Additional regulatory steps in sugar and stress-related signal transduction depend mainly on the activity of SnRK1-protein kinases. These kinases are multi-subunit enzymes, to which cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) domain-containing proteins belong. Interesting work from Timothy Heisel and co-workers shows that two of these subunits, AtPV42a and AtPV42b, are misregulated in histone acetyltransferase 1 (hac1) mutants (Heisel et al., 2013). hac1 mutants show aberrant sugar-responses and fertility defects, which may in part be explained by the changed levels of AtPV42a and AtPV42b expression. In this context, the work from Ana Confraria and co-workers strongly implicate the participation of microRNAs in SnRK1-protein kinase-dependent processes (Confraria et al., 2013). Sugar response regulation also requires mRNA processing steps, as shown by Funck et al. (2012). Through map-based cloning of a sugar response mutation the authors identified ESP1, a CstF64-like putative RNA processing factor. ESP1 functions in mRNA 3′-end formation, and the work implicates RNA maturation as a critical factor for normal sugar response (Funck et al., 2012). In summary the articles presented here emphasize the diversity of the processes that sugars are required for in the cell, and the regulatory networks in which they are involved. The articles also highlight the interplay between sugars and the circadian rhythm, and specific developmental programs, such as flowering. The broad-range of studies presented significantly deepen our knowledge about these important compounds, and demonstrate that, despite the already long-standing research on this topic, there remain many major issues that must be addressed if we are to understand the regulatory complexity and the components involved in sugar homeostasis, (sub)cellular allocation, and long-distance transport. Sugar signaling research will remain an exciting area of investigations for many years to come.

Development and Assessment of Short and Very Short Forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised

Abstract: Using data from parents of 761 infants from 6 independent samples, short (91 items, 14 scales) and very short (37 items, 3 broad scales) forms of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R), a well-established caregiver report measure of temperament for infants aged 3 to 12 months, were developed. The forms were subsequently evaluated with data from 1,619 participants from 11 samples. Over 90% of Cronbach's alphas and part-whole correlations calculated for the short and very short form scales were greater than.70. Interparent agreement was nearly identical to that obtained with standard IBQ-R scales, averaging.41 and ranging from.06 to.76. Longitudinal stability over multiple time spans, and estimated retest reliability of the short form scales, were highly similar to those of standard forms, with estimated retest reliability averaging.72 and ranging from.54 to.93. Convergent and predictive validity of select short form scales were comparable to, but slightly lower, than those observed for standard IBQ-R scales. Recommendations for the use of the standard, short, and very short scales are discussed.

Socially responsible funds and market crises

Abstract: Compared to matched conventional mutual funds, socially responsible mutual funds outperform during periods of market crises. This dampening of downside risk comes at the cost of underperforming during non-crisis periods. Investors seeking downside protection would value the asymmetry of these returns. This asymmetric return pattern is driven by the mutual funds that focus on environmental, social, or governance (ESG) attributes and is especially pronounced in ESG funds that use positive screening techniques. Furthermore, the observed patterns are attributed to the funds’ socially responsible attributes and not the differences in fund portfolio management or the characteristics of the companies in fund portfolios.

Distribution System Restoration With Microgrids Using Spanning Tree Search

Abstract: Distribution system restoration (DSR) is aimed at restoring loads after a fault by altering the topological structure of the distribution network while meeting electrical and operational constraints. The emerging microgrids embedded in distribution systems enhance the self-healing capability and allow distribution systems to recover faster in the event of an outage. This paper presents a graph-theoretic DSR strategy incorporating microgrids that maximizes the restored load and minimizes the number of switching operations. Spanning tree search algorithms are applied to find the candidate restoration strategies by modeling microgrids as virtual feeders and representing the distribution system as a spanning tree. Unbalanced three-phase power flow is performed to ensure that the proposed system topology satisfies all operational constraints. Simulation results based on a modified IEEE 37-node system and a 1069-node distribution system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Transcriptome analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in type III secretion system 1 inducing conditions.

Abstract: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen capable of causing inflammatory gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia. As a food-borne illness, infection is most frequently associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish. It is the primary cause of Vibrio-associated food-borne illness in the United States and the leading cause of food-borne illness in Japan. The larger of its two chromosomes harbors a set of genes encoding type III section system 1 (T3SS1), a virulence factor present in all V. parahaemolyticus strains that is similar to the Yersinia ysc T3SS. T3SS1 translocates effector proteins into eukaryotic cells where they induce changes to cellular physiology and modulate host-pathogen interactions. T3SS1 is also responsible for cytotoxicity towards several different cultured cell lines as well as mortality in a mouse model. Herein we used RNA-seq to obtain global transcriptome patterns of V. parahaemolyticus under conditions that either induce (growth in DMEM media, in trans expression of transcriptional regulator exsA) or repress T3SS1 expression (growth in LB-S media, in trans exsD expression) and during infection of HeLa cells over time. Comparative transcriptomic analysis demonstrated notable differences in the expression patterns under inducing conditions and was also used to generate an expression profile of V. parahaemolyticus during infection of HeLa cells. In addition, we identified several new genes that are associated with T3SS1 expression and may warrant further study.