Distinctive nuclear organisation of centromeres and regions involved in pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells
TLDR
It is concluded that hES cell nuclei have a distinct nuclear architecture, especially at loci involved in maintaining pluripotency, which provides a framework within which other large-scale chromatin changes that may accompany differentiation can be considered.Abstract:
Nuclear organisation is thought to be important in regulating gene expression. Here we investigate whether human embryonic stem cells (hES) have a particular nuclear organisation, which could be important for maintaining their pluripotent state. We found that whereas the nuclei of hES cells have a general gene-density-related radial organisation of chromosomes, as is seen in differentiated cells, there are also distinctive localisations for chromosome regions and gene loci with a role in pluripotency. Chromosome 12p, a region of the human genome that contains clustered pluripotency genes including NANOG, has a more central nuclear localisation in ES cells than in differentiated cells. On chromosome 6p we find no overall change in nuclear chromosome position, but instead we detect a relocalisation of the OCT4 locus, to a position outside its chromosome territory. There is also a smaller proportion of centromeres located close to the nuclear periphery in hES cells compared to differentiated cells. We conclude that hES cell nuclei have a distinct nuclear architecture, especially at loci involved in maintaining pluripotency. Understanding this level of hES cell biology provides a framework within which other large-scale chromatin changes that may accompany differentiation can be considered.read more
Citations
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Returning to the stem state: Epigenetics of recapitulating pre‐differentiation chromatin structure
TL;DR: The fundamental impact of chromatin dynamic in ESCs as well as its critical role in the generation of iPSCs is discussed, and the exact underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified.
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Alterations of centromere positions in nuclei of immortalized and malignant mouse lymphocytes.
TL;DR: This study has focused on mouse lymphocytes and investigated the centromere positions in primary, immortalized, and tumor cells.
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Chromatin organization and differentiation in embryonic stem cell models.
TL;DR: Embryonic stem cells derived from mammalian embryos represent indispensable tools for mammalian genetics and are likely to be very informative for understanding pluripotency and the process of differentiation, and ultimately for using embryonic stem cells as a tool for cell replacement therapy or as models for the study of genetic diseases, cancer progression or drug testing.
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Understanding pluripotency—how embryonic stem cells keep their options open
Brett V. Johnson,N. Shindo,Peter D. Rathjen,Peter D. Rathjen,Joy Rathjen,Joy Rathjen,Rebecca A. Keough +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of controlled differentiation with ground-breaking technologies for the reversal of somatic cells to an ES cell-like state promise the generation of patient-derived pluripotent cell lines for the treatment of disease in the future.
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Reduction in chromosome mobility accompanies nuclear organization during early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Ritsuko Arai,Ritsuko Arai,Takeshi Sugawara,Takeshi Sugawara,Yuko Sato,Yohei Minakuchi,Atsushi Toyoda,Kentaro Nabeshima,Hiroshi Kimura,Akatsuki Kimura,Akatsuki Kimura +10 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that the earliest global transformation in nuclear organization occurs at the 8-cell stage during C. elegans embryogenesis, which is similar to how chromosomes are packed in undifferentiated cells and how nuclear organization changes during development.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts
James A. Thomson,Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor,Sander S. Shapiro,Michelle A. Waknitz,Swiergiel Jennifer J,Vivienne S. Marshall,Jeffrey M. Jones +6 more
TL;DR: Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages.
Journal ArticleDOI
Feeder-free growth of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells.
Chunhui Xu,Margaret S. Inokuma,Jerrod Denham,Kathaleen Golds,Pratima Kundu,Joseph D. Gold,Melissa K. Carpenter +6 more
TL;DR: A successful feeder-free hES culture system in which undifferentiated cells can be maintained for at least 130 population doublings and are suitable for scaleup production is demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
"Stemness": Transcriptional Profiling of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells
TL;DR: The transcriptional profiles of mouse embryonic, neural, and hematopoietic stem cells were compared to define a genetic program for stem cells and provide a foundation for a more detailed understanding of stem cell biology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recurrent gain of chromosomes 17q and 12 in cultured human embryonic stem cells
Jonathan S. Draper,Kath Smith,Paul J. Gokhale,Harry Moore,Edna Maltby,Julie A. Johnson,Lorraine F. Meisner,Thomas P. Zwaka,James A. Thomson,Peter W. Andrews +9 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that increased dosage of chromosome 17q and 12 gene(s) provides a selective advantage for the propagation of undifferentiated hES cells in transplantation therapies in which the use of aneuploid cells could be detrimental.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differences in the localization and morphology of chromosomes in the human nucleus
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the distribution of genomic sequences between chromosomes has implications for nuclear structure and the findings are discussed in relation to a model of the human nucleus that is functionally compartmentalized.
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